Broad grouping of cortical areas

Primary somatosensory (3,1-2)

Discriminate shape, texture, or size of object

Primary auditory (41)

Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sound

Primary visual (17)

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size and location of object

Primary vestibular (Ant 40)

Discriminates among head positions and head mvts

Somatosensory association (5,7)

Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spacial enviornment

Visual association (18-21)

Analysis of motion, color; control of visual fixation

Auditory association

Classification of sounds

Primary motor cortex (4)

Voluntarily controlled mvts

Premotor area

Control of trunk and girdle mm, anticipatory postural adjustments; conceptualization

Supplementary motor area

Initiation of mvt, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential mvts

Broca’s area

Motor planning of speech (left hemisphere)

Area analogous to Broca’s in opposite hemisphere

Planning nonverbal communication (emotion gestures, tone of voice; usually in the R hemisphere)

Dorsolateral prefrontal association

Goal-oriented behavior, self-awareness

Parietotemporal assocation

Sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and spacial relationships

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association

emotion, motivation, personality

Astereognosis

inability to identify objects by touch alone using active manipulation in the absense of visual input (Somatosensory association)

Visual agnosia

inability to recognize familiar objects, shapes, or people using sight alone (visual association)

Auditory agnosia

Inability to recognize sounds or make sense of sounds (Auditory association)

spastic dysarthria

Motor speech disorder caused by damage to UMN bilaterally, leading to tight, stiff mm in mouth, tongue, and vocal cords (Primary motor area)

Apraxia

Inability to perform learned, purposeful mvts or tasks even though mm have normal strength and tone (e.i. not knowing what to do with a toothbrush) (premotor area and supplementary motor area)

Broca’s aphasia

Impairments in speech production while preserving language comprehension (Broca’s area)

Loss of executive fxn and divergent thinking

Dorsolateral prefrontal association

Inability to handle new information effectively; concrete thinking, inability to distinguish relevent from irrelevant information, difficulty generalizing information, become upset with minor changes in routine

Parietotemporal association

Wenicke’s aphasia

Language disorder caused by brain damage that impairs the ability to understand spoken or written language while allowing the person to speak fluently (parietotemporal association in L hemisphere)

Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

Parietotemporal association in R hemisphere

Disturbances of personality and emotions

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association