biology final

which fat is solid at room temperature?

saturated fat

which fat is liquid at room temperature?

unsaturated fat

carbohydrates

monomer: monosaccharides

elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

subunit: C6H12O6

bonds: covalent

example: glucose, fructose

proteins

monomer: amino acids

elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

subunits: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

bonds: covalent, hydrogen

example: meat, cheese, beans

lipids

monomer: glycerol/fatty acids

elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

subunits: unsaturated, saturated

bonds: covalent

example: oil, earwax, butter

nucleic acids

monomer: nucleotides

elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

subunits: DNA, RNA

bonds: covalent, hydrogen

example: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

enzyme effectiveness is affected by temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration

true

enzymes can be reused at the end of a reaction

true

enzymes are made to fit certain substrates

true

enzymes help chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

true

covalent bonds

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

qualitative data

gathers information that is not in numerical form quant

quantitative data

information that can be measured and written down with numbers

what are the 3 parts of cell theory?

1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells arise from pre-existing cells

cell membrane

protect the cell from its surroundings; made of phospholipid bilayer and contains channels(made of protein) that help move substances across the membrane

diffusion

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

hypertonic environment

a solution where the concentration of solutes is greater than inside the cell, and water is less concentrated than the inside of the cell

hypotonic environment

a solution where the concentration of solutes is less than inside the cell, and water is more concentrated than the inside of the cell

isotonic environment

a solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as the inside of the cell, and water is equally concentrated inside and outside of the cell

osmosis

the diffusion of water when solutes are unable to pass through a semipermeable membrane

active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of already high concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

how does a sodium-potassium pump work?

sodium-potassium pump exchanges 3 Na+ ions for 2k+ ions against their concentration gradients by using one ATP for energy

endocytosis

a form of bulk active transport, in which the cell surrounds an object using its cell membrane and engulfs it so it can consume it to obtain nourishment/fight infection

phagocytosis

“eating” larger particles

pinocytosis

“drinking” smaller particles

photosynthesis formula

6H2O+6CO2+energy-->C6H12O6+6O2

aerobic respiration formula

C6H12O6+6O2-->6H2O+6CO2+energy

photosynthesis reactants

water and carbon dioxide

photosynthesis products

sugar and oxygen

aerobic respiration reactants

sugar and oxygen

aerobic respiration products

water and carbon dioxide

what are the 3 major steps of aerobic respiration?

* glycolysis(2 ATP)
* krebs cycle(2 ATP)
* electron transport chain(34 ATP)

in photosynthesis, what are the light-dependent reactions for?

light energy strikes chlorophyll and splits H2O to release O2 to generate ATP

in photosynthesis, what are the light-independent reactions for?

uses ATP from photosynthesis to synthesize C6H12O6 from CO2

exocytosis

a process where the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane within the cell membrane

what are the special properties of water?

high polarity, adhesion, cohesion, lower density as a solid, high specific heat, capillary action

monomers

small molecules that can join together in a repeating pattern to form complex molecules(polymers)

catalyst

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

enzyme

a substance which acts as a catalyst to bring on a chemical reaction

denaturation

when the structure of a protein changes in result of excessive acid or temperature; can be temporary or permanent

golgi apparatus

factory where proteins from ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their destinations

lysosomes

rid cells of waste products

mitochondria

generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

chloroplast

converts light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via photosynthesis

where does respiration take place?

in the mitochondria

what compound do living things use to store energy?

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

equilibrium

a state in which opposing forces or actions are balanced so that one is not stronger or greater than the other

facilitated diffusion

diffusion of large and/or polar particles through protein channel or carrier protein

crenation

animal cell shrivels when placed in hypertonic solution

turgor pressure

force within plant cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

lysis

animal cells burst when exposed to hypotonic solution

protein pump

transmembrane proteins that are involved in the active transport of ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes

ionic bond

type of bond where 1 atom transfers electron to another; opposites attract

induced fit

Substrate-specific changes by the active site to make a reaction happen

classification

(least to most specific) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; dear king phillip come over for good soup

characteristics of life

respond to stimuli, grow and change, evolution, reproduction, complex chemistry, homeostasis, cellular structure, use of energy(metabolism), genetic information

ALL life has:

cells, membranes, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

cytoplasm

a medium for chemical reaction

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis

nucleus

the repository of genetic information; the cell's control center

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

protein synthesis, transport, and folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and calcium storage