CLEP introductory Sociology 2022

Which of the following religious organizations seeks to maintain exclusiveness, claims to represent the true faith, and is most likely to have split off from a larger religious group?
(A) Cult
(B) Sect
(C) Church
(D) Denomination
(E) Ecclesia

B. Sect

Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue?
(A) Groupthink
(B) Resocialization
(C) Institutionalization
(D) Mass hysteria
(E) Resource mobilization

A. Groupthink

Which of the following groups have the lowest intermarriage rates in the United States?
(A) American Indians and Whites
(B) Latinos and Whites
(C) Asian Americans and Whites
(D) African Americans and Whites
(E) Jewish Whites and Protestant Whites

(D) African Americans and Whites

Marguerite recently moved to the United States from Spain for better economic opportunity. Her move is an example of which of the following processes?
(A) Forced migration
(B) Voluntary migration
(C) Step migration
(D) Selective immigration
(E) Internal migration

(B) Voluntary migration

Which of the following is true of a random sample?
(A) It provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected. correct
(B) It is biased, and therefore cannot be used to make generalizations about a population.
(C) It is mostly used when the research assumes multiple causation.
(D) It is mostly used in qualitative research.
(E) It is a census list of all households.

(A) It provides every member of the population with an equal chance of being selected.

With which of the following statements would a sociologist adhering to the disengagement theory most likely disagree?
(A) It is less disruptive to society when older people live beyond retirement age.
(B) When older people retire, it creates opportunities for younger people.
(C) When workers retire, it means a loss of experienced labor for businesses.
(D) Mandatory retirement is beneficial because older workers tend to experience a decline in physical abilities that can negatively affect work performance.
(E) Retirement improves morale and happiness.

(C) When workers retire, it means a loss of experienced labor for businesses.

In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?
(A) Fathers Only
(B) Mothers Only
(C) Both fathers and mothers
(D) Children
(E) Grandparents

(B) Mothers Only

Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of
(A) a sick role
(B) a role strain
(C) a role conflict
(D) medicalization
(E) socialized medicine

(A) a sick role

All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the
(A) Republican Party
(B) League of Women Voters
(C) Federal Bureau of Investigation
(D) First Baptist Church of Atlanta
(E) Little League Baseball Association

(C) Federal Bureau of Investigation

A sex ratio of 120 means that in a population there are
(A) 120 more males than females
(B) 120 more females than males
(C) 120 males for every 100 females
(D) 120 females for every 100 males
(E) 12% more males than females

(C) 120 males for every 100 females

Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of which of the following functions of the family?
(A) Economic production
(B) Care of young children
(C) Regulation of sexual behavior
(D) Socialization of the individual
(E) Social control

(A) Economic production

Which of the following best describes the relationship between q and z on the scattergram above? *Dotted downward line
(A) A perfect positive correlation
(B) A perfect negative correlation
(C) A perfect curvilinear correlati
(D) A low negative correlati
(E) A correlation of zero

(B) A perfect negative correlation

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as
(A) amalgamation
(B) association
(C) collective behavior
(D) socialization
(E) innovation

(D) socialization

Which of the following can properly be considered norms?
I. Laws
II. Folkways
III. Mores
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

(E) I, II, and III

Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
(A) C. Wright Mills
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Robert Park
(D) Max Weber
(E) Karl Mannheim

(B) Karl Marx

Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?
(A) Small group experiment
(B) Laboratory experiment
(C) Participant observation
(D) Survey research
(E) Case study

(D) Survey research

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Chicago School of Sociology?
(A) They studied urban neighborhoods in the city of Chicago.
(B) They were influenced by Herbert Spencer and Frederic Clements.
(C) They used ethnography and field methods in their research.
(D) Talcott Parsons was a proponent of the school.
(E) They were most influential during the twentieth century.

(D) Talcott Parsons was a proponent of the school.

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?
(A) Instinct
(B) Heredity
(C) Culture
(D) Stratification
(E) Ethnocentrism

(C) Culture

All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT
(A) They are important sources of social support.
(B) They tend to be ethnocentric.
(C) They significantly influence personality development.
(D) They tend to be large in number.
(E) They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships.

(D) They tend to be large in number.

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
(A) rationalism
(B) altruism
(C) egoism
(D) secularism
(E) anomie

(E) anomie

The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called
(A) assimilation
(B) accommodation
(C) cooperation
(D) interaction
(E) equilibrium

(A) assimilation

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist
(A) Émile Durkheim
(B) Auguste Comte
(C) Max Weber
(D) Harriet Martineau
(E) George Herbert Mead

(B) Auguste Comte

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its
(A) organic solidarity
(B) mechanical solidarity
(C) functional differentiation
(D) co-optation
(E) stratification

(B) mechanical solidarity

Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in
(A) technologically developing countries only
(B) technologically developed countries only
(C) virtually every known human society
(D) highly urbanized countries only
(E) countries with high nutritional standards only

(C) virtually every known human society

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?
(A) Class, politics, education
(B) Prestige, politics, occupation
(C) Residence, occupation, religion
(D) Status, class, power
(E) Status, religion, prestige

(D) Status, class, power

The term "SMSA" used in the United States census refers to a
(A) summary of many small areas
(B) statistical mean of sampling error
(C) summary of metropolitan shopping areas
(D) standard measure of suburban areas
(E) standard metropolitan statistical area

(E) standard metropolitan statistical area

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that
(A) is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information
(B) has high public visibility in the community
(C) requires training from a specialized school rather than from a university
(D) serves government and industry as well as individuals
(E) is a full-time position with a regular salary

(A) is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information

In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus one's position?
(A) power
(B) social mobility
(C) style of life
(D) motivation
(E) occupational status

(D) motivation

An example of a folkway in American society is
(A) joining a religious cult
(B) eating a sandwich for lunch
(C) failing to pay income taxes on time
(D) stopping for a red light
(E) being fined for jaywalking

(B) eating a sandwich for lunch

Socialization takes place
(A) only in childhood
(B) mainly in adolescence
(C) mainly in early adulthood
(D) mainly through the reproductive years
(E) throughout the life cycle correct

(E) throughout the life cycle correct

A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of
(A) structural assimilation
(B) cultural assimilation
(C) accommodation
(D) rationalization
(E) ethnocentrism

(C) accommodation

Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the
(A) Calvinist doctrine of predestination
(B) Catholic monks' belief in asceticism
(C) Protestants' desire for material luxuries
(D) increasing power of the nobility in medieval Europe
(E) Hindu belief in reincarnation

(A) Calvinist doctrine of predestination

The economy of the postindustrial United States is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) computer-facilitated automation
(B) relocation of manufacturing plants to less-developed countries
(C) international competition in the manufacturing sector of the economy
(D) increasing numbers of service compared to manufacturing jobs
(E) increased job security due to globalization

(E) increased job security due to globalization

Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?
(A) Almost everyone of voting age in the United States is registered to vote.
(B) Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.
(C) Voter turnout has increased substantially in the last twenty years.
(D) People of higher social class tend to participate less in voting than lower social classes.
(E) Younger adults are more likely to vote than those over 65.

(B) Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.

Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
(A) Social structure
(B) Social organization
(C) Social institution
(D) Social culture
(E) Economic corporation

(C) Social institution

Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from
(A) lottery revenues
(B) state income taxes
(C) local sales taxes
(D) local income taxes
(E) local property taxes

(E) local property taxes

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
(A) traditional authority
(B) charismatic authority
(C) rational-legal authority
(D) coercion
(E) persuasion

(C) rational-legal authority

Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy?
(A) Agricultural
(B) Industrial
(C) Public
(D) Service
(E) Information

(B) Industrial

In the United States, economic growth between 1985 and 2005 resulted in
(A) growth in the gap between the rich and poor
(B) a narrowing of the gap between the rich and poor
(C) no change in the gap between the rich and poor
(D) growth in the economic gap between men and women
(E) no change in the economic gap between men and women

(A) growth in the gap between the rich and poor

Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge?
(A) Common sense and tradition
(B) Empiricism and reason
(C) Authority and structure
(D) Paradigms and intuition
(E) Existentialism and reference groups

(B) Empiricism and reason

Which of the following made up the largest number of immigrants to the United States in the 2000s?
(A) Mexicans
(B) Chinese
(C) Italians
(D) Canadians
(E) Russians

(A) Mexicans

Compared to the United States population in general, Asian Americans haveact law?
(A) larger proportions of their populations in poverty
(B) lower median family incomes
(C) a higher level of formal educational achievement
(D) fewer ties to their family's country of origin
(E) a lower proportion of first-generation immigrants

(C) a higher level of formal educational achievement

In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?
(A) High-income countries depend on low-income countries to purchase natural resources from them.
(B) High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor.
(C) High-income countries encourage the development of state-owned economic enterprises in low-income countries.
(D) High-income countries are more likely than low-income countries to have an agriculturally based economy.
(E) High-income countries have less-diversified sources of income.

(B) High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor.

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that
(A) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to encourage assertive behaviors
(B) girls' games are more likely than boys' games to emphasize strict observance of rules
(C) girls are more likely than boys to learn to suppress emotions of sadness
(D) girls are more likely to engage in competitive play and boys in cooperative play
(E) girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

(E) girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a
(A) manifest function of desegregation
(B) latent dysfunction of desegregation
(C) functional alternative to desegregation
(D) secondary function of desegregation
(E) rational exchange for desegregation

(B) latent dysfunction of desegregation

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called
(A) ethnocentrism
(B) cultural relativism
(C) cultural integration
(D) transference
(E) multiculturalism

(A) ethnocentrism

In Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Gemeinschaft to
(A) have frequent face-to-face contact with those they know
(B) see others as a means of advancing their own individual goals
(C) be united by primary group bonds
(D) have altruistic concerns for others
(E) be tradition-directed

(B) see others as a means of advancing their own individual goals

Demographic transition theory explains population changes by
(A) connecting them exclusively to changes in the food supply
(B) linking population changes to technological development
(C) focusing on the migration of people in and out of specified territories
(D) tying population growth to changes in the sex ratio
(E) referring to a culture's religious attitudes

(B) linking population changes to technological development

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
(A) Hirschi's social control theory
(B) Labeling theory
(C) Merton's strain theory
(D) Differential association theory
(E) Cultural transmission theory

(C) Merton's strain theory

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's
(A) role sets
(B) cultural roles
(C) achieved statuses
(D) ascribed statuses
(E) mobility aspirations

(D) ascribed statuses

Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others
(A) the divided self
(B) self-esteem
(C) the concrete operational stage
(D) the looking-glass self
(E) the "I" and "me"

(D) the looking-glass self

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the
(A) recognition of the transcendent power of God
(B) biological need for humans to reproduce
(C) desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict
(D) discovery of agriculture
(E) reaction to the industrial revolution

(C) desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to
(A) explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act
(B) determine how society is dysfunctionally organized
(C) focus on the inequality in society
(D) search for the social structures that fulfill people's needs
(E) identify the patterns of exchange among individuals or groups

(A) explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?
(A) Content analysis
(B) Secondary analysis
(C) Quasi-experiment
(D) Participant observation
(E) Ethnographic interview

(A) Content analysis

Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?
(A) They have consistently required monogamy across all periods of history and cross-culturally around the globe.
(B) They have favored polyandry in those societies wanting to increase their birth rate.
(C) They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.
(D) They have no impact in democratic societies, since democracies allow individuals to choose their own form of marriage.
(E) They are based on the ideal of gender equality.

(C) They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.

In the past 30 years, the infant mortality rate in the United States has
(A) remained about the same as in other industrialized countries
(B) declined for African American people but not for Caucasian people
(C) declined among Caucasian people, while increasing among African American people
(D) declined among Caucasian people, while remaining stable among African American people
(E) declined among both African American people and Caucasian people, while remaining twice as high among African American people

(E) declined among both African American people and Caucasian people, while remaining twice as high among African American people

In the United States, semiskilled positions held primarily by women, such as waitperson, cashier, and receptionist, are known as which type of occupation?
(A) Blue-collar
(B) Pink-collar
(C) White-collar
(D) Nonpatriarchal
(E) Matriarchal

(B) Pink-collar

Tamara worked as a waitress for five years after high school before she went to college. After college, Tamara got a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. This best exemplifies which of the following types of mobility?
(A) Intergenerational
(B) Intragenerational
(C) Unilateral
(D) Horizontal
(E) Structural

(B) Intragenerational

The concept of "glass ceiling" affecting women in the workforce is best illustrated by which of the following?
(A) The instability of female-dominated jobs
(B) The pay inequity between men and women for comparable jobs
(C) The breakdown of gender stereotypes in the job market
(D) The instability of marriages for women who are successful in the workforce
(E) The barriers that limit career advancement for women

(E) The barriers that limit career advancement for women

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding patriarchy?
(A) It is a form of political organization in which the state assumes paternal responsibility for citizens.
(B) It is a form of social organization in which one's kinship lineage is traced through the family of the mother.
(C) It is a form of social organization in which males control most formal and informal power.
(D) It is found only in those societies that practice polyandry.
(E) It is not found in those societies that practice polygyny.

(C) It is a form of social organization in which males control most formal and informal power.

Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act?
(A) The degree of harm caused by the act
(B) The number of people who disapprove of the act
(C) The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity
(D) The social status of the person who committed the act
(E) The social status of the person who is harmed by the act

(C) The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as
(A) a social movement
(B) a social category
(C) an aggregate
(D) a primary group
(E) a secondary group

aggregate

The statement above is an example of
(A) a disclaimer
(B) an account
(C) an excuse
(D) a justification
(E) a concession

(A) a disclaimer

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?
(A) Experimental research
(B) Field research
(C) Content analysis
(D) Secondary analysis
(E) Survey method

(B) Field research

Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?
(A) It is spurious.
(B) It is influenced by another variable.
(C) It is manipulated.
(D) It causes other variables to increase.
(E) It is used to draw a sample from a population.

(B) It is influenced by another variable.

Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?
(A) Marguerite receives a bronze medal for gymnastics at the Olympics.
(B) Hank is awarded a high school diploma by the school board.
(C) Halle receives a million dollars for her performance in a movie.
(D) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT®.
(E) William is sentenced to one year of community service and a $5,000 fine for shoplifting.

(D) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores 2300 on the SAT®.

In general, females perform better than males do on tests of
(A) general intelligence
(B) verbal ability
(C) visual-spatial ability
(D) scientific information
(E) mathematics

(B) verbal ability

Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects which of the following?
(A) False consciousness
(B) Class consciousness
(C) Collective consciousness
(D) The caste system
(E) Rational choice

(A) False consciousness

Which of the following terms refers to something that has an unexpected detrimental effect on social institutions or society?
(A) Secret function
(B) Manifest function
(C) Manifest dysfunction
(D) Latent function
(E) Latent dysfunction

(E) Latent dysfunction

Which of the following terms refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?
(A) Theology
(B) Determinism
(C) Positivism
(D) Phenomenology
(E) Metaphysics

(C) Positivism

Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as
(A) role strain
(B) role conflict
(C) status conflict
(D) status set
(E) role set

(B) role conflict

Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?
(A) Mass media
(B) An institution of higher learning
(C) A peer group
(D) A total institution
(E) The family

(D) A total institution

All of the following characteristics are commonly attributed to postmodern culture EXCEPT
(A) moral relativism
(B) skepticism toward traditional authority
(C) growing tolerance of diversity
(D) loss of faith in absolutes
(E) adherence to traditional gender roles

(E) adherence to traditional gender roles

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in
(A) dysfunctional behavior
(B) altruism
(C) impression management
(D) exchange
(E) anticipatory socialization

(C) impression management

A characteristic of a triad is that it
(A) is prone to coalition formation
(B) allows more power per member than a dyad
(C) is the smallest type of group
(D) can develop the strongest relationships
(E) has little impact on human behavior

(A) is prone to coalition formation

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the
(A) control group
(B) experimental group
(C) independent variable
(D) dependent variable
(E) study population

(B) experimental group

The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of
(A) structural functionalist
(B) conflict theory
(C) ethnomethodology
(D) symbolic interactionism
(E) phenomenology

(A) structural functionalist

Communities that form adjacent to central cities are called
(A) secondary groups
(B) suburbs
(C) neighborhoods
(D) exurbs
(E) development zones

(B) suburbs

According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
(A) political
(B) military
(C) social
(D) economic
(E) cultural

(D) economic

Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?
(A) Interactionist
(B) Exchange
(C) Structural functionalist
(D) Conflict
(E) Rational choice

(D) Conflict

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?
(A) Horticultural
(B) Pastoral
(C) Hunting and gathering
(D) Agricultural
(E) Industrial

(C) Hunting and gathering

Which of the following sociologists asserted that race is the most serious problem in the United States?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Max Weber
(C) Harriet Martineau
(D) Jane Addams
(E) W. E. B. Du Bois

(E) W. E. B. Du Bois

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?
(A) Police deployment practices failed to control crime.
(B) Police were biased against immigrants.
(C) Immigrants did not have legitimate means to achieve their goals.
(D) Immigrants were labeled as criminals even when their actions were not illegal.
(E) Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.

(E) Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.

Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by
(A) an economy based largely on manufacturing
(B) a universal return to traditional cultural values
(C) the political power of people with low asset levels
(D) the predominance of knowledge-based service industries
(E) the proportional expansion of the agriculture sector of the economy

(D) the predominance of knowledge-based service industries

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that
(A) individuals pursue their desired occupations, and society rewards diligent workers
(B) the free market demands more elaborate products over the years, and skill and hard work allow laborers to meet that demand
(C) majority rule must be maintained for the free market to function properly, and individuals who desire wealth and prestige work hard
(D) societal profits are distributed to each person according to need, and each person's skills determine his or her role in the workforce
(E) goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

(E) goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

Approximately what percent of the people in the United States live in metropolitan areas?
(A) 45%
(B) 50%
(C) 65%
(D) 85%
(E) 95%

(D) 85%

Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?
(A) The manifest results of education
(B) The unintended consequences of schooling
(C) Dismiss the case before trial
(D) Delayed transmission of knowledge
(E) Miscommunication between teacher and student

(B) The unintended consequences of schooling

A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?
(A) The increasing prevalence of religious cults in a society
(B) A society that changes from having a few religious practices to many religious practices
(C) The development of more extreme religious practices in a society
(D) A society that changes from closely identifying with nonreligious values to closely identifying with religious values
(E) A society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values

(E) A society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values

The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as
(A) monogamy
(B) polygyny
(C) polyandry
(D) serial monogamy
(E) patriarchy

(C) polyandry

Which of the following theorists is most associated with structural-functionalism?
(A) Karl Marx
(B) Max Weber
(C) Randall Collins
(D) Herbert Blumer
(E) Émile Durkheim

(E) Émile Durkheim

Impression management is exhibited by a college student who
(A) aces an exam after forgetting to study for it
(B) anticipates graduating and getting a job
(C) expects to do well on an exam and ends up doing so
(D) anticipates flunking a course and stops going to class
(E) cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

(E) cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?
(A) Cultural competence
(B) Ethnocentrism
(C) Alienation
(D) Cultural lag
(E) Assimilation

(A) Cultural competence

Which of the following stages of racial-ethnic relations is best exemplified by the 2008 election of President Barack Obama?
(A) Assimilation
(B) Cultural transmission
(C) Internal colonialism
(D) Accommodation
(E) Segregation

(A) Assimilation

Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members?
(A) Interactionist
(B) Conflict
(C) Postmodernist
(D) Demographic
(E) Structural functionalist

(B) Conflict

A society in which women have more wealth, privilege, and political power than men have is said to be experiencing which of the following?
(A) Gender equality
(B) Gender-role reversal
(C) Gender stratification
(D) Gender expectations
(E) Gender dissonance

(C) Gender stratification

An advertisement for men's cologne depicts a woman as a pair of legs. This is an example of
(A) objectification
(B) subjectification
(C) misrepresentation
(D) characterization
(E) minimization

(A) objectification

Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?
(A) Maximilien Robespierre
(B) Auguste Comte
(C) Emile Durkheim
(D) Herbert Spencer
(E) minimization

(B) Auguste Comte

What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?
(A) a theory
(B) a concept
(C) a correlation
(D) an operational definition
(E) a method

(A) a theory

Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?
(A) symbolic interactionism
(B) functional analysis
(C) conflict theory
(D) the neo-conflict perspective
(E) labeling theory

(B) functional analysis

How would Robert Merton describe the intended beneficial consequences of Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal program that raised the standard of living for millions of Americans in the 1930s?
(A) They would be classified as latent functions.
(B) They would be classified as manifest dysfunctions.
(C) They would be classified as manifest functions.
(D) They would be classified as latent dysfunctions.
(E) None of the above

(C) They would be classified as manifest functions.