bio 141 exam 3

ventilation

air transport. Getting/moving air

respiration

gas exchange. Molecules moving/diffusing

Functions of respiratory system

gas exchange, moving air, protection

nose/nasal cavity

part that takes air in

pharynx

back of throat

larynx

part of throat that blocks food

trachea

part that divides into 2 and keeps airways open

conducting portion

site of ventilation. Moving air. Nose to bronchioles

respiratory portion

site of respiration. Exchanging o2 and co2. bronchioles to alveoli

glottis

opening connecting pharynx to larynx

epiglottis

covers glottis. prevents food from entering airways. "draw bridge"

alveoli

tiny air sacs. Site of respiration. collectively make up respiratory membrane. Lots of SA. little bunches

nasal filtration

nasal cavity lined with hairs. Filters our large particles

nasal conchae

boney ridges that stir air. Warms air. sticks out to create turbulence in air flow to help remove bad particles

mucus escalator

respiratory mucosa lines conducting portion. cells produce mucus to catch particles. cilia sweep particles toward pharynx

alveolar defense

Macrophages (big eater). eat dust pathogens

o2 diffusion pathway

Alveoli --> blood --> RBC

co2 diffusion pathway

RBC --> Blood --> Alveoli

surfactant

prevents sticking. detergent breaks surface tension of water. allow alveoli to inflate.

Pneumocyte 11

what produces surfactant

equation for pressure in lungs

P= 1/V

visceral pleura

membrane that wraps lungs

parietal pleura

membrane that wraps body wall

Inhalation

diaphragm is flat. Contraction. Volume High, pressure low. P outside > P inside

exhalation

diaphragm is dome shaped. Relaxed. volume low, pressure high. P outside < P inside

pneomothorax

collapsed lung. hole in parietal pleura allows pleural cavity to fill with air. no longer potential space. air pressure pushes lung flat

ventilation formula

breaths/mins * alveolar lung volume

voluntary control of breathing

conscious effort to increase breathing rate or chest volume. Motor neurons activate diaphragm and chest muscles

involuntary control of breathing

regulated by ANS and respiratory control center in medulla. Chemoreceptors in arteries monitor CO2, o2, and H+.

as breathing increases… co2…

increases and ph decreases

if h+ increases… co2…

increases

hypercapnia

too much co2. Will result in acidosis. (exercise/lactic acid production, asthma)

hypocapnia

not enough co2. Will result in alkalosis. (hyperventilation/panic attack)

glomerulus

specialized blood vessels. Site of filtration. Knot of capillaries. No gas exchange

afferent arteriole

where blood enters

efferent arteriole

where blood exits

net filtration pressure

favors fluid diffusing from capillary to glomerular capsule. blood fluids and solutes are forced out.

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

pressure that draws water out of filtrate and into plasma

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Pressure exerted on the plasma filtrate by the the elastic recoil of the glomerular capsule, which tends to push water and dissolved solutes from the plasma filtrate back into the capillaries of the glomerulus

lympathatic system

responsible for defense from pathogens. Lympth, lymphatic vessels, and nodes, tonsils, spleen, etc

immunity

ability to resist infection from disease

pathogen

anything that can make you sick

lymph

fluid component of lymphatic system. Similar to blood plasma, but fewer proteins. Capillaries are "leaky"

hydrostatic (blood pressure) forces fluid_

out into surrounding tissues

lymphedema

blockage of lymph duct. Causes interstitial fluid accumulation. Swelling and distention of tissue

elephantiasis

caused by parasite attacking lymph vessel. swelling and skin thickening

lymph nodes

small lymph organs. filter lymph before returning fluid to vena cava. They look for abnormal debris and pathogens

thymus

produces hormones to help mature lymphocytes (t cells)

spleen

functions like nodes, but filters blood not lymph. RBC graveyard. Tears easilty

WBC are also known as _

Lymphocytes

all blood cells originate from the red bone marrow stem cell called

hemocytoblasts

t cell

matures in thymus. antibody-mediated immunity. Work like antibiotics

b cell

matures in bone marrow. From vaccines and where you've traveled.

NK (natural killer)

destroys pathogens

innate immunity

born with. contains and destroys invaders. Everyone has these. Genetically determined, same response every time

adaptive immunity

t and b cells. Everyones are different. Depends on where you've been and vaccines.

interferons

chemical signals to slow infection. Signal there's an infection

complement

compliments antibody system. Works with antibodies

immunological survellience

destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissures

inflammation

swelling, redness heat, pain. Can be good because it tells you something is wrong. Brings blood to infected area to help heal wound

antigens

"surface labels" that identify a cell.

major histocompatibility complect (MHC)

protein which displays antigens like a flag on plasma membrane. found on every cell and pathogen.

antibodies

specialized proteins produced by the immune system to help fight infections. They recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

antigents

substances that induce an immune response. They are typically foreign proteins or polysaccharides found on the surface of pathogens.

Rh factor

a protein found on the surface of red blood cells that determines blood type. It is important in pregnancy and blood transfusions.