Gastrointestinal High-Yield Biomedical Sciences Flashcards

Biomedical Sciences

What is the genetic cause of Gilbert syndrome?

A genetic decrease in hepatic levels of UDP-glucouronosyltransferase.

What type of gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori?

Chronic gastritis.

What is the genetic cause of Gilbert syndrome?

A genetic decrease in hepatic levels of UDP-glucouronosyltransferase.

What type of gastritis is caused by Helicobacter pylori?

Chronic gastritis.

What would a gastric biopsy for H. pylori-associated gastritis reveal?

Intraepithelial neutrophils and subepithelial plasma cells of the stomach antrum.

Which embryonic layer develops the foregut?

Endoderm.

What organs are derived from the hindgut?

Distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the urethral and bladder epithelium.

What is the composition of the hard palate?

Composed of bone (anterior 2/3) and soft tissue (posterior 1/3).

What type of epithelium makes up the oral cavity?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

What is the function of the Perthoderm?

Connects to the hindgut and forms the pectinate line.

What cranial nerve innervates the palatine muscles?

CN V2.

How many deciduous teeth are there?

20.

What are the three types of papillae on the tongue?

Filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate papillae.

Which nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Facial nerve (CN VII).

What supplies blood to the submandibular gland?

Sublingual and submental arteries.

What structure connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Lesser omentum.

What is the primary blood supply to the stomach?

Right and left gastric arteries.

What type of cells release hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Parietal cells.

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

What do Brunner’s glands secrete?

Alkaline mucous.

Which structure marks the transition from the stomach to the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter.

What blood supply is associated with the ileum?

Superior mesenteric artery.

What is the primary drainage vessel for the liver?

Hepatic vein.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Storage and concentration of bile.

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

What produces bile?

Liver.

What is the common cause of pancreatitis?

Gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption.

What is one effect of portal hypertension?

Ascites.

What is jaundice?

A condition characterized by high bilirubin levels in the blood.

What are the signs of chronic gastritis?

Dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, and potential weight loss.

What usually causes achalasia?

Failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation.

What is the most common form of esophageal cancer?

Squamous cell carcinoma.

What are the characteristics of Crohn’s disease?

Skip lesions and transmural inflammation.

What condition is characterized by a change from squamous to columnar tissue in the esophagus?

Barrett’s esophagus.

What is the function of salivary amylase?

Breaks down starches into sugars.

What type of diet is a risk factor for gallstones?

High in saturated fats and low in fiber.

What pathology is associated with gastric ulceration due to H. pylori?

Peptic ulcer disease.

What demographic is most affected by diverticular disease?

Older adults.

What is the treatment for lactose intolerance?

Avoidance of lactose-containing foods.

What is one complication of untreated celiac disease?

Intestinal lymphoma.

What is the function of enterokinase?

Activates pancreatic enzymes.

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with glossitis?

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency.

What is the role of insulin in digestion?

Stimulates glucose uptake and storage.

What are the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

Abdominal pain and nausea.

What condition presents with bloody diarrhea and fever?

Diverticulitis.

Which pathophysiological mechanism primarily causes jaundice in hepatic diseases?

Impaired conjugation or secretion of bilirubin.

What phase of digestion is regulated by the vagus nerve?

Gastric phase.

What are common risk factors for colorectal cancer?

Family history and diet high in red meat.

What is the function of secretin?

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.

What is the primary cause of viral hepatitis in humans?

Viruses such as HAV, HBV, and HCV.

Which gastrointestinal condition is characterized by transmural inflammation?

Crohn’s disease.

What is one effect of somatostatin on gastric function?

Inhibits gastric motility and secretions.

What initiates the cephalic phase of digestion?

Sight and smell of food.

What structure is associated with bile storage?

Gallbladder.

What stomach cell type secretes pepsinogen?

Chief cells.

Which hormone is secreted in response to the presence of fat in the duodenum?

Cholecystokinin (CCK).

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and electrolytes.

What type of diarrhea is characterized by the presence of blood and pus?

Dysentery.

What enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?

Salivary amylase.

What is one complication of chronic pancreatitis?

Development of diabetes mellitus.

What is a common cause for esophageal varices?

Portal hypertension.

How does the liver detoxify harmful substances?

By enzymatic conversion via cytochrome P450.

What type of tissue replaces normal liver tissue in cirrhosis?

Fibrous tissue.

What is the role of dietary fiber in the digestive system?

Supports gastrointestinal motility.

What is the recommended dietary management for a patient with diverticulosis?

High-fiber diet.

What is the mainstay treatment for achalasia?

Surgical intervention to dilate the lower esophageal sphincter.

What symptoms might indicate an inflammatory gastrointestinal disease?

Abdominal pain and altered bowel habits.

What imaging modality is commonly used to evaluate biliary tree obstruction?

Ultrasound.

What is the primary cause of ischemic bowel disease?

Reduced blood flow to the intestines.