5.8 Cognitive Theories with Psychoanalytic

General Adaptation Syndrome Theory

A widely recognized model that describes the body's universal and predictable physiological response to stress

Alarm Reaction Stage, Resistance Stage, & Exhaustion Stage

Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome Theory

Alarm Reaction Stage

The initial shock phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome Theory, where the body mobilizes its resources to deal with the threat

Resistance Stage

Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome Theory where the body tries to adapt to the persistent stressor and return to a state of equilibrium (homeostasis), but it remains on high alert

Exhaustion Stage

Stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome Theory where the body's ability to cope with stress becomes overwhelmed

Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Theory that states that stress is a two-way process involving the production of stressors and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors

Primary Appraisal

Appraisal that asks "Is this a threat or a challenge?"

Secondary Appraisal

Appraisal that asks "What can I do about it?"

Anosognosia, Confabulation, Disorientation, Deja Vu, Jamais Vu, Hypermnesia, Paramnesia, & Amnesia

Memory Disorders

Anosognosia

Having no memories of his own illness

Confabulation

Filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences

Disorientation

Cannot identify or recognize time, places, and persons

Deja Vu

Occurrence where the unfamiliar perceived as familiar

Jamais Vu

Occurrence where the familiar perceived as unfamiliar

Hypermnesia

Increased memory

Paramnesia

False perverted memory

Amnesia

Loss of memory

Biogenic, Organic, & Dissociative

Types of Amnesia

Biogenic

Amnesia caused by brain damage or disease

Retrograde Amnesia

The loss of old memories formed before the physical event or damage

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to make new memories after the physical event or damage

Organic Amnesia (Neurological Amnesia)

Amnesia caused by physical damage or dysfunction to the brain

Dissociative Amnesia (Psychogenic Amnesia)

Amnesia that involves an inability to recall important personal information, often related to a traumatic or stressful event

Localized Amnesia

Amnesia where a person cannot recall events within a specific, usually short, period (e.g., the hours immediately after a traumatic event)

Selective Amnesia

Amnesia where a person can recall some, but not all, events during a specific period

Generalized Amnesia

A rare and severe form where the individual forgets their entire life history, including their identity, name, and personal relationships

Continuous Amnesia

Amnesia where a person cannot recall events from a specific point in time up to the present

Systematized Amnesia

Amnesia where an individual loses memory for a specific category of information (e.g., all memories related to a particular person or a specific type of event, like childhood abuse)Memory – the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

Memory

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

Declarative

Memory of factual information

Procedural

Memory of skills and habits

Semantic

Memory of general knowledge

Episodic

Memory of events

Three-System Approach to Memory

Approach to memory where information must travel if it is to be remembered

Sensory

The initial storage of information, perceived by the senses

Short Term Memory

Holds info for 15 to 20 seconds

Long Term Memory

Stores info on a relatively permanent basis

Chunks

Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in STM

Rehearsal

Repetition of information that has entered the STM

Repetitive

Rehearsal that results in info staying in STM

Elaborative

Rehearsal of info that results in transfer to LTM

Retrieval Cue

Cues that allow us to recall more easily

Recall

Memory task where specific information is retrieved

Recognition

Cue where the individual is presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from the list of alternatives

Level of Processing Theory

Theory that states that memory recall depends on the depth of mental processing during encoding

Implicit Memory

Information that can be recalled automatically without thinking

Explicit Memory

Information that requires conscious retrieval of information

Constructive Processes

Believes that memories are influenced by the meaning we give to them

Autobiographical

Memories that are events/episodes from our own lives

Flashbulb Memories

Specific or surprising events that are so vivid in memory it as if they represented a snapshot of the event

Forgetting

Permits us to form general impressions and recollections

Failure of Encoding

Failure to pay attention and place information in memory

Decay

Loss of information due to nonuse

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

Forgetting because of insufficient retrieval cues

Proactive Interference

When you forget the new information

Retroactive Interference

When you forget the old information