Immunity and terminology

Disease

Any altercation from the normal state of health

Pathology

The study of disease

Pathologist

one who studies diseases and often is responsible for accurate diagnosis, as well as determining the cause of diseases

Etiology

study of causes of disease

Prognosis

expected outcome of the patient affected by the disease (ex: good or poor)

Pathogen

infected organism that can cause disease

Parasite

Organisms that have adapted to live on or within a host organism

Trauma

Nonpathogenic cause of disease

Wound

Physical injury that disrupts normal structure

Edema

Increased fluid in the tissues

Exudate

Is the visible product of the inflammatory process

Gram-negative bacteria

shows up red using gram stain

Gram-positive bacteria

shows up purple using gram stain

Endotoxins

contribute to a patient's fever by increasing the host body temperature to allow neutrophils to be more effective in killing bacteria

Fever

an abnormal increase of body temperature caused by pyrogens

Hyperthermia

when the body temperature rises above the body's thermostat setting

Pyrogen

a substance that causes the body to adjust its biological "thermostat" to a higher setting

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Heat, Pain, Redness, Swelling, and Loss of function

WBCs involved in the inflammatory process

Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes

First WBCs to appear in an inflammatory response

Neutrophils

B-lymphocytes

primarily responsible for humoral immunity and can transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies

T-lymphocytes

primarily responsible for cellular immunity and are capable of directly killing cells

Vascular changes associated with inflammation

Dilation, Increased vascular permeability, Exudation, and Congestion of blood vessels

Initial dilation after injury

Caused by local release of histamine from tissue mast cells

Nonspecific defenses

Mechanical barriers to infection, Chemical barriers, Antiviral substances, Stomach Acid, Fever, and Inflammation

Specific defenses

Antibodies, Complement, Lymphocytes, and Macrophages

Antibodies

Protein molecules that can attach to the surface of cells and coat pathogens

Antigen

Any substance that elicits a response upon exposure to the immune system

Autoimmune disease

What happens when an antigen in a normal body elicits an abnormal immune response

IgG

the most common immunoglobulin, with the highest concentration being found in the blood

IgM

the most efficient at opsonization and neutralization of viruses

IgA

the primary immunoglobulin responsible for mucosal immunity

IgE

the primary immunoglobulin associated with Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions

Hypersensitivity reaction

Abnormally severe inflammatory responses mediated by the immune system

Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction

occurs within minutes after exposure to an antigen by direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, insect bites or stings, or injection

Type-2 hypersensitivity reaction

involves destruction of certain cells by neutrophils and macrophages or by activation of complement

Type-3 hypersensitivity reaction

results from immune complexes of antigens and antibodies that lodge in the skin, joints, eyes, lungs, or blood vessel walls

Type-4 hypersensitivity reaction

occurs hours after sensitized animals are again exposed to a particular antigen (delayed hypersensitivity)

Passive immunity

occurs when the animal has pre-formed antibodies

Active immunity

occurs when the animals develop its own antibodies

Tetanus antitoxin

is pre-formed antibodies

Tetanus toxoid

is inactivated antigenic toxin molecules