Chapter 13

What is the central conflict in Erikson's psychosocial theory for middle childhood?

Industry vs. Inferiority.

How do children begin to define themselves during middle childhood?

By traits and psychological characteristics.

What influences the structure of a child's self-concept?

Cognitive development.

What is the role of social comparisons in self-concept?

Children start to compare themselves with their peers.

What leads to low self-esteem in children?

The discrepancy between their ideal self and real self.

How do elaborative parent-child conversations affect self-concept?

They lead to stable, complex, and favorable self-concepts.

What are the four components of general self-esteem?

Academic Competence, Physical/Athletic Competence, Social Competence, Physical Appearance.

What is the difference between mastery-oriented attributions and learned helplessness?

Mastery-oriented attributions reflect an incremental view of ability, while learned helplessness reflects a fixed view of ability.

What are the two types of self-regulation coping in emotional development?

Problem-centered coping and Emotion-centered coping.

What are self-conscious emotions that develop during middle childhood?

Pride, Guilt, and Shame.

How do children's emotional understanding evolve during middle childhood?

They focus more on internal states and understand mixed emotions.

What factors become important when determining morality in children?

Intentions and context.

What strategies can reduce prejudice among children?

Intergroup contact, collaboration, exposure to ethnic diversity, and perspective-taking.

What characterizes peer groups in middle childhood?

They are formed based on proximity and similarity, creating a 'peer culture'.

How are friendships defined in middle childhood?

By trust and selectivity.

What are the two types of popular children?

Popular-Prosocial and Popular-Antisocial.

What distinguishes rejected children in peer relations?

Rejected-Aggressive and Rejected-Withdrawn.

What is the characteristic of controversial children?

They are often both liked and disliked by peers.

What defines neglected children in peer relations?

They are often unnoticed and not actively included in peer interactions.

What is the significance of emotional self-efficacy in emotional development?

It refers to the belief in one's ability to manage emotional experiences effectively.