History (revolutions in the atlantic, industrialism, imperialism, nationalism, in the 19th century)

The seven years war

Worldwide conflict

Britain won over France, spain, West Africa, the Caribbean, europe, india, and the philipines

Brought about the idea of salutary neglect

Relaxation of regulations and laws (like trade laws)

what is salutary neglect

Relaxation of regulations and laws (like trade laws)

John Locke

his political views shaped by the Glorious Revolution and the idea of Parliamentary supremacy

he also believed in Social Contract Theory

The Social Contract theory

The community voluntarily places itself under a sovereign power

The people can remove a sovereign if it abuses the people or threatens their natural rights to life, liberty, and property

All the powers of the sovereign are limited by the people

Articles of Confederation

Powers and Duties of Government

Intentional Weaknesses

One State: One Vote

Executive Committee

No Power to Tax

National Assembly

An assembly that took steps to reform France's government

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

granted equality before the law and representative government

What did the national assembly do in terms of government?

Abolished many old "feudal" privileges (e.g., forcing peasants to work for the lord for a set number of days each year)

Abolished tithing to the Catholic Church and granted religious freedom to non-Catholics

Issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

What did the National Assembly do to the king and queen?

stripped Louis XVI of his powers as an absolute monarch and had the king and queen executed after they tried to flee the country

What did Napoleon do?

Was a general for the french

created new noble titles, restored some of the power of the Catholic Church, limited freedom of the press, and occasionally rigged political elections

he and his allies dominated most of Europe

How did it end for Napolean?

He was exiled from France

Defeated at the battle of Waterloo

Doed on the island of St. Helena

Napoleonic Code

granted male citizens equal legal rights; secured the rights of peasants to own land; created a national bank to help finance the government

What was Saint Domingue?

France's most valuable colony

Farmed coffee and sugar

Diverse population but a brutal slavery system

What happened in the St. Domingue rebellion?

The slaves rebelled on their owners

British and Spanish aided the rebels

Went until the French abolished slaverey on the island

(only successful slave rebellion in history)

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

His army switched from the british/Spanish side of the Haitian revolution to the french

What did Toussaint L'Ouverture do?

A civil war broke out between him and another french general

He won

He protected the island from napolean in 1803

Creoles

people of European descent born in the Americas

Mestizos

people of mixed-race birth

Peninsulares

officials who came to the Americas directly from Europe)

had the majority of economic and political power in the colonies

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Simon Bolivar became the most famous Creole revolutionary

What did Simon Bolivar do?

His victories over the Spanish helped create the republic of Gran Colombia in 1819 (which eventually broke up into five new countries)

Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 after ten years of bloody warfare

Portugal became a constitutional monarchy in 1822

Spinning jenny and water frame

allowed an individual worker to produce more textiles and cloth than ever before

Water power and a large workforce led to the creation of factories and textile mills

Steam engines

was the most significant technological advance of the era

powered the textile mills and led to the creation of an extensive railroad network

Transportation became cheaper and more efficient --- lower production costs --- lower prices for consumers

Factory Act of 1833

improved conditions for workers

Limited children 9-13 to an 8-hour workday

Limited young people 14-18 to a 12-hour workday

Banned labor in factories for children 8 years old and younger

Luddites

attacked factories and destroyed the machines they blamed for lowering wages and/or putting them out of work

Nationalism

a powerful movement that shaped Europe over the Long Nineteenth Century

What did nationalists believe?

argued that certain peoples had a unique cultural unity based on shared language, history, and culture

often believed that people united by these common characteristics should have their own nations, even if they did not all live in the same empire (e.g., German speakers living in the Austrian Empire should be "reunited" with their German "countrymen")

used shared symbols like stories, flags, and songs to unify the people

Socialism

was another significant idea to emerge during the nineteenth century

challenged the current industrial and class systems in Europe

Communist Manifesto

The book argued that human history is defined by class struggle (i.e., the middle-class bourgeoisie have always oppressed the working-class proletariat)

What did Charles Darwin do?

Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) was arguably the most important book of the century

What was On the origin of species by means of natural selection about?

The species that adapted and evolved survived - species that did not adapt disappeared

Social Darwinism

believed that only the "strongest" companies and nations survived

Applied to diplomacy, politics, and the economy

What was Romanticism?

the most powerful cultural movement to emerge in Europe

challenged the ideas that science and logic "explained" the universe

What did the Romantics believe?

Focused on work on unrestrained emotion, feeling, and spontaneity

Sought inspiration based on nature, architecture, and history

What did Romantics do?

Made contributions to physical art, music, and literature

Used history, art, and folklore to unify their poeple

What was the berlin conference?

a docment that laid out "ground rules" for empire building

What did the berlin conference do?

Nations could only claim African territory if they took actual possession of it

European nations should respect other territorial claims

European nations also promised to combat the slave trade in East Africa

What triggered the Opium War?

British merchants illegally smuggled opium into China during the 1830s

resistance to this practice triggered this war

What happened during the opium war?

The victorious British forced China to grant trading privileges and pay massive reparations

Internal conflicts over economics, politics, and religion led to massive unrest - nearly 20 million people died during the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)

What was Quinine?

a vaccine that helped protect colonizers from diseases like malaria and yellow fever

What happened in the time of new imperialism?

The countries expanded themselves into the pacific, Africa and asia

Colonized people exploited for labor and recources

Steamships and railroads were brought into use

Europe used their powers to colonize farther

What was New Imperialism?

A time of great expansion in Europe, Japan, and the U.S.

triggered by the industrial revolution and nationalism/rivalry

What happened in the Industrial Revolution?

Technological advancements and societal changes

Spread of industrialization

People moved from rural towns into the city for better jobs after the machines took over the fields

What did Otto von Bismarck do?

Rallied support for a unified Germany by waging war against Austria (1866) and France (1870)

Victories in these wars created a wave of patriotism and led to the unification of the German states into one kingdom dominated by a Prussian kaiser (Wilhelm I and Wilhelm II)

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

A prussian chancellor

Actual Representation

Having elected officials directly chosen by the people they represented

Virtual Representation

individuals were seen as represented by those who didn't have a direct mandate from them.

Legislative Branch

Congress (House and Senate)

Enumerated powers are those that are specifically listed in the Constitution

Collect Taxes, Print Money, Declare War

Implied powers are not enumerated but can be "claimed"

"Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause (clause 18, Sect. 8)

What does the Legislative Branch do?

Makes laws

Appropriates funding (power of the purse)

Approves treaties and executive appointments (Supreme Court Justices, etc.)

What does Article II say in the constitution?

How the executive is elected

How long of a term? How many terms?

Qualifications for president

Executive Branch

Offices of Presidency and Vice Presidency

Judicial Branch

Congress creates lower courts

Interprets the laws of the United States; reviews lower court decisions; judges constitutionality of laws; rules on court cases between states

What did Article III of the constitution say?

created the US Supreme Court and specifies which types of cases courts can hear

Meiji Resoration

a pivotal event in 19th-century Japan, marked the restoration of power to the Emperor and initiated a period of rapid modernization and Westernization, transforming Japan into a major world power.

Russo-Japanese War

was a conflict between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan, primarily over control of Manchuria and Korea, resulting in a decisive Japanese victory and a major shift in the balance of power in East Asia

The White Man's Burden

The idea was popularized by Rudyard Kipling's poem, became a justification for imperialism, arguing that European powers had a duty to civilize and uplift "savage" peoples, though critics saw it as a racist and exploitative ideology.