class 8 science ch1 ncert notes

Agriculture

The science and art of cultivating plants and livestock, crucial for sustaining human life.

Kharif Crops

Monsoon crops sown with the first monsoon rain, e.g., rice, maize, and pulses, harvested in autumn.

Rabi Crops

Crops sown in winter and harvested in spring, e.g., wheat, barley, and mustard.

Factors Affecting Crop Production

Includes climate, soil type, water availability, and agricultural practices that influence crop yield.

Soil Preparation

The process of plowing and tilling to create a suitable seedbed for crops.

Manual Sowing

Hand-sowing seeds in the soil, commonly used in small-scale farms.

Drip Irrigation

An irrigation method that delivers water directly to plant roots, minimizing evaporation.

Sprinkler Irrigation

An irrigation technique that uses overhead sprinklers to simulate rainfall.

Chemical Pesticides

Substances used to kill pests, requiring careful management to prevent environmental harm.

Harvesting

The process of gathering mature crops from the fields at the right time to ensure maximum yield.

Organic Farming

Agricultural approach using natural fertilizers and pest control methods, avoiding synthetic chemicals.

Crop Rotation

The practice of alternating crops in the same area across seasons to improve soil health.

Sustainable Agricultural Practices

Methods aimed at promoting long-term productivity and environmental health in farming.