Immunohematology and Blood Donation

Comprehensive review of immunohematology related to blood donation, processing, and transfusion requirements, focusing on donor criteria, blood components, testing, and protocols.

What is the purpose of a medical history and physical examination in blood donation process?

To ensure donor eligibility and safety.

What is the maximum collection of whole blood allowed per kilogram of body weight?

10.5 mL.

What is the donor interval after whole blood donation?

8 weeks.

What is considered a normal oral temperature for blood donors?

What is the minimum hemoglobin requirement for blood donors?

≥12.5g/dL.

What is the minimum weight requirement for blood donors?

≥110 lbs or ≥50 kg.

What are the criteria for allogeneic donor selection regarding age?

Must be ≥16 years old or conform to state law.

What are the possible exposures that could lead to donor deferral for 1 year?

Possible exposure to hepatitis, HIV, or malaria.

What are the criteria for indefinite donor deferral?

Definite disease or habits strongly associated with bloodborne pathogens.

What medication taken within 48 hours can affect platelet function and lead to donor deferral?

Aspirin.

What immediate action should be taken for potential blood donors who have traveled to endemic malaria areas?

Deferral from donation based on the exposure time.

How long should plasma be frozen within to be classified as PF24?

Within 24 hours of phlebotomy.

What must be done to a unit of blood that has been stored above 10°C?

It cannot be returned and reissued.

What is the recommended storage temperature for red cells?

1 - 10°C.

What are the expiration times for various blood components when seal is broken?

24 hrs for 1-6°C products; 4 hrs for 20-24°C products.

What is the minimum platelet count required in pooled platelets for transfusion?

≥5.5 x 10^10 platelets/unit.

What is the effect of adding rejuvenating solutions to blood products?

Restores 2, 3-DPG and ATP.

What is the maximum hematocrit allowed for a unit of red blood cells?

How long can whole blood be stored with anticoagulant additives ACD, CPD, and CPDA-1?

21 days for ACD, 35 days for CPDA-1.

What is a primary use for granulocyte pheresis?

For neutropenic patients with gram-negative sepsis.

What temperature should platelets be stored at?

20-24°C.

When should whole blood be ideally transfused?

In cases of severe shock needing RBCs for oxygen and plasma for volume.

What is a primary goal of leukoreduction?

Prevent febrile nonhemolytic reactions.

What should be done if a platelet donor has taken aspirin within 48 hours?

Do not use their platelets as a single source.

What must be done to blood products exposed to room temperature and pooled?

Transfuse within specific hours based on the component type.

What is an important factor to consider when transfusing FFP?

Must be ABO compatible with recipient cells.

What is the function of cryoprecipitate?

Used most commonly to replace fibrinogen loss.

What is the storage temperature for frozen red cells treated with glycerol?

≤-65°C.

What does the presence of antibodies to HLA class I indicate?

Potential platelet refractoriness.

What are therapeutic apheresis procedures primarily used for?

Removal of blood components or substances.

What risk is associated with non-irradiated granulocyte transfusions?

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

What is the purpose of irradiating blood products?

To inactivate T cells and prevent GVHD.

How long can frozen components be kept before they must be thawed?

Up to the specific expiration date based on component type.

What happens to the blood if the seal is disturbed?

Expiration times may change.

What does NAT testing stand for?

Nucleic Acid Testing.

What are the requirements for using blood from donors with known viral hepatitis exposure?

Evaluate based on potential risks and health history.

What does HLA stand for in the context of blood donation?

Human leukocyte antigen.

What must be done with the blood after it has been defrosted for transfusion?

It must be used within 24 hours.

What is the weight requirement for a platelet donor?

At least 110 lbs or 50 kg.

What is the term for the process of collecting blood from a donor for their own use?

Autologous donation.

What is necessary for apheresis red blood cells' hemoglobin level?

Should be >60g in individual units.

What is the storage condition for apheresis platelets?

Stored at 20-24°C with constant agitation.

What is the minimum amount of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate?

80 IU/bag.

What are possible conditions that may lead to blood donation deferral?

Active infection, history of certain diseases, or exposure to risks.

What is the process of leukapheresis?

Collecting and separating white blood cells from blood.

What is the minimum storage time for fresh frozen plasma after phlebotomy?

1 year if stored at <-18°C.

What are the consequences of not following standard procedures for blood components?

Increased risk of infectious disease transmission.

What is the importance of medical evaluation during donor selection?

To assess health and ensure donor safety.

What is the significance of defining blood pressure limits during donor selection?

To ensure the donor's cardiovascular health.

What does the acronym AABB stand for?

American Association of Blood Banks.

Under what circumstances can autologous blood be used?

Only for the original donor.

What information must be obtained during donor registration?

Medical history and personal identification.

How long after a whole blood donation must a donor wait before donating again?

8 weeks.

What is the importance of maintaining aseptic technique during blood collection?

To prevent contamination and infection.

What are the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit required for donor eligibility?

Hgb ≥12.5g/dL and Hct ≥38%.

What role does G-CSF play in granulocyte pheresis?

Increases yield of granulocytes.

What procedure is used to minimize allergic reactions in IgA deficient patients?

Washing red blood cells.

What is cryoprecipitate made from?

Cold insoluble portion of plasma from thawed FFP.

What must be considered when storing apheresis products?

Continuous gentle agitation to maintain viability.

What are potential consequences if blood components are not adequately processed?

Increased risk of transfusion reactions.

What is the main purpose of red blood cell transfusions?

To replace lost red blood cells and prevent shock.

What factors can lead to a donor's temporary deferral?

Medications, recent illnesses, or travel to certain areas.

How often can apheresis donations occur?

At least 2 days apart, no more than 2 in any 7-day period.

What is collected during plasma donation?

Liquid portion of blood with antibodies and proteins.

What must be ensured before transfusing FFP?

Confirm blood type compatibility.

What happens to blood that has been pooled and not used within the specified time?

It expires and must be discarded.

What diseases can result in permanent donor deferral?

CJD, vCJD, and HIV.

What is the role of factor concentrates in hemophilia treatment?

To replace missing clotting factors.

What special considerations are there for transfusing elderly patients?

Potential comorbidities and fragile health.

How can platelet function be inhibited?

Through certain medications like aspirin.

What is the main use of fresh frozen plasma after thawing?

To treat multiple coagulation factor deficiencies.

What is the documentation required for a donor's eligibility?

Medical history, temperature, and vital signs.

What aspect of blood donation is focused on minimizing transfusion-related reactions?

Leukoreduction.

What should be monitored during the storage of all blood components?

Temperature, expiration dates, and contamination.

What is the impact of hematocrit levels on apheresis donations?

Donors cannot have hematocrit below 30%.

What tests are commonly performed on donor blood?

ABO, Rh typing, and infectious disease screening.

What is the significance of 2,3-DPG in stored blood?

Essential for oxygen delivery and release.

How should cryoprecipitate be stored after thawing?

At room temperature and used within 6 hours.

What is an important factor in using platelets in active bleeding patients?

Understanding their functional status and need.

What should be the condition of the blood seal after processing?

It must remain intact for proper use.

What are indications for using leukoreduced red blood cells?

To prevent febrile reactions and transfusion complications.

What is the typical lifespan for stored red blood cells?

21-42 days depending on the preservative used.

What is the function of anticoagulants in blood collection?

To prevent clotting and maintain fluidity.

What is required for an effective quality control in transfusion practice?

Regular monitoring and adherence to guidelines.

What is the difference between allogeneic and autologous donations?

Allogeneic is for others; autologous is for self-use.

What can influence the efficacy of apheresis procedures?

Equipment calibration and donor selection criteria.

What type of anticoagulant allows for longer storage of blood products?

CPDA-1, allows storage for 35 days.

How does donor weight affect whole blood donation limits?

The collection volume cannot exceed 10.5 mL per kilogram.

What are compounds that may cause shelf-life reduction for blood components?

Bacterial contamination or exposure to unapproved temperatures.

What needs to be done if a donor is symptomatic for hepatitis C?

Deferral from donation.

What happens to blood components after the expiration date has passed?

They are not usable and must be discarded.

What is the adjustment made for frozen red blood cells after thawing?

Must be given under strict guidelines and conditions.

What are the potential risks associated with whole blood transfusions?

Allergic reactions, viral infections, and hemolytic reactions.

How does the collection and storage method impact blood component efficacy?

Improper methods can lead to diminished functionality.

What constitutes a permanent donor deferral?

Chronic viral infections or high-risk behavior.

What role do donor health conditions play in the blood procurement process?

They directly influence donor eligibility and safety.

What is the total number of donations needed from donors to maintain adequate supply?

Multiple donors are typically required to meet patient needs.

What considerations must be made for patients receiving multiple transfusions?

Monitoring for alloimmunization and reactions.

What is used to describe the act of donating blood?

Phlebotomy.

How long must blood be separated post-donation?

Typically within 8 hours for plasma separation.