Coordination and Subordination

coordination

putting together like structures in sentences

coordinating conjunctions examples

and, but, or

FANBOYS

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

compounding

"joining" or "linking;" typically using coordinating conjuctions

puncuation rule from chapter 2

do not mark boundaries of the required sentence with punctuation

non-comma rule

do not use a comma with a coordinating conjuction when it joins phrases

rule with emphatic commas

use a comma or a dash sparingly to emphasize an additional comment

parallel structure/parallelism

the parts of a coordinate structure are in the same form

parallel sentence example

we could live under the wild rose as weasels, mute and uncomprehending; mute and uncomprehending are parallel

unparallel sentence

this new exercise program and going on a strict diet will make me healthier

gerund

-ing verb when used as a noun

series

a coordinate structure with three or more components

serial comma

comma immediately before the coordinating conjuction

climax

the arrangement of words or phrases or clauses in the order of increasing scope, length, or importance

triplets

the three-item series

correlative conjuctions

can change the rhythm and focus of the sentence and set up so there are different expectations for the reader

examples of correlatives

both & and, neither & nor, either & or

subject-verb agreement

an issue in sentences that have compound subjects

first

sing: i was; plural: we were; sing: i do, plural: we do (etc with second and third person)

independent clause

when a clause functions independently

clause

a structure that contains a subject and a predicate

simple sentence

when a clause begins with a captial letter and ends with terminal puncuation

compound sentence

used to show that the ideas expressed in two independent clauses are related

puncuation rule for coordination #2

use a comma before the coordinating conjunction joining the two independent clauses of a compound sentence

conjunctive adverbs/adverbial conjuctions

join sentences to form coordinate structures as other conjuctions do, but in a different way

example of conjuctive adverbs

moreover, furthermore, further, also (addition), meanwhile, then, afterward, previously (time), washowever, instead, rather (contrast), therefore, consequently, thus (result), though (concession), indeed, nevertheless, still (reinforcement)

however and words like that

indicate that a change is coming

transitional phrases

prepositional phrases that are used as sentence connectors; serve the same purpose of conjunctive adverbs

examples of transitional phrases

addition: in addition to
time: in the meantime
contrast: in contrast, on the contrary
result: as a result, in the end
concession: of course, at any rate, at least
reinforcement: in fact, above all, in particular

rule for conductive adverbs or transitional phrases

use commas to set off conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases

semicolon

equivalent of the comma-plus-conduction that connects compound sentences

formula for semicolon

(,+and/but) = (;)

the two clauses connected with the semi colon have...

parallel ides

have the choice of using either a capital or a lowercase letter following the colon except for when it's a

direct quotation

most common errors

comma splice, fused sentence, run on sentence

punctuation rule #3

use a comma before the coordinating conjunction joining the two independent clauses of a compound sentence

comma splice

spliced, or joined, two independent clauses together with a comma, but the comma alone is not strong enough and needs a conjunction

comma splices can be solved by

semicolon

dependent clause

subordinate clause

examples of subordinating conjunctions

(sometimes can start a sentence, creating an adverbial clause) because, although, when

adjective clause

dependent clause functions as an adjective to modify a noun

nominals

filling noun phrase positions

nominal clause

DO position is not a clause, not a noun phrases; functions as a noun

complex sentence

contains at least one independent clause and one dependent

foregrounding/backgrounding

determines what idea of a couple should be emphasized