Equine Anatomy & Physiology Exam 3

ADH/Vasopressin

Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary

FSH/LH

Anterior Pituitary

Prolactin

Anterior Pituitary

ACTH

Anterior Pituitary

TSH

Anterior Pituitary

Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Melatonin

Pineal Gland

Dopamine

Hypothalamus

GHRH

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Hypothalamus

GHIH

Hypothalamus

TRH

Hypothalamus

CRH

Hypothalamus

T3

Thyroid

T4

Thyroid

Calcitonin

Thyroid

PTH

Parathyroid

Insulin

Pancreas

Glucagon

Pancreas

Epinephrine

Adrenals

Noreinephrine

Adrendals

Mineralcorticoids

Adrenals

Glucocorticoids

Adrenals

What does GnRH stimulate?

LH and FSH

What does CRH stimulate?

ACTH

What does GHRH stimulate?

GH

What does GHIH inhibit?

GH

What does TRH stimulate?

TSH

What does dopamine inhibit?

PRL

Adenohypophysis, pars distalis, glandular portion of pituitary

Anterior Pituitary

Neurohypophysis, pars nervosa, neural portion of pituitary

Posterior Pituitary

What is the cause of PPID?

Endocrinopathy thought to be caused by dopaminergic degeneration of the pars intermedia

PPID Diagnosis Tests

Basal ACTH, Dex Suppression Test

What produces insulin?

Beta Cells

What produces glucagon?

Alpha Cells

What is EMS?

Insulin dysregulation, predisposed to laminitis, regional adiposity

How to diagnose EMS?

Oral Sugar Test

What % of a horse’s BW is blood?

7-9%

Granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

Monocytes, lymphocytes

Innate Immune Cells

Phagocytes, dendritic cells, plasma proteins, NK cells

Adaptive Immune Cells

B and T Cells

Fast, non specific immunity

Innate

Slower, but memory and specific

Adaptive

T Cells

T Helper Cells (CD4) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8)

B Cells

Plasma cells that then produce antibodies

CD4

T helper cells that active B cells to produce antibodies

CD8

Cytotoxic T cells that kill infected cells

Spleen Red Pulp

Red blood cells

Spleen White Pulp

Lymphoid Tissue

Thymus

Immature organ, T cells

Active Immunity

Immunity due to an antigenic response of an individual

Passive Immunity

Immunity due to transfer of antibodies or T cells to another individual for a temporary immunity

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Colostrum

Artifically Acquired Passive Immunity

Antitoxin injection

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Results from natural infection including symptoms

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Can be induced with a vaccine, ideally devoid of symptoms

Normal HR at Rest

28-44 bpm

AV Valves

Bicuspid/Mitral and Tricuspid ValvesEpicard

Semilunar Valves

Aortic and Pulmonary Valves

Epicardium

Visceral pericardium, outside layer of the heart

Myocardium

Cardiac Muscle

Endocardium

Smooth membrane that lines cardiac muscle, inner layer of heart

Diastole

Relaxation of chamber just before and during filling, initially isovolumetric relaxation, when the AV valves open

Systole

Contraction of the chamber and ejects blood from the chamber, ejection phase, when the aortic and pulmonary valves open

S1

Lub, beginning of systole, closure of AV valves

S2

Dub, beginning of diastole, closure of pulmonary and aortic valves

SA Node

Spontaneous action potentials in the heart

P, Q, R, S, T

Order of Waves in an ECG

P Wave

Artral Depolarization

QRS Waves

Ventricular Depolarization

T Wave

Ventricular Repolarization

Normal RR at Rest

12 Breaths/Minute

Amount of Air Intake at Rest

150 Liters/Minute

Respiratory Acidosis

CO2 Increases

Respiratory Alkalosis

CO2 Decreases

Total Lung Capacity

55 Liters

Vital Capacity

Everything excepts the residual volume, 45 Liters

Residual Volume

What is always left in the lungs, 10 Liters

Tidal Volume

The normal amount of how much air is going in and out during rest, 6 Liters

Pulmonary Surfactant

Reduced surface tension and enhances alveolar expansion

What is breathing controlled by?

Respiratory reflex center in the brainstem, pons and medulla

Place where stomach tube is inserted through?

Ventral Meatus