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What did Copernicus and Galilei do for astronomy and Darwin?

began the process that made scientific, rather than supernatural, explanations of the natural world acceptable.

Copernicus

outlined the Heliocentric notion of the universe.

Galilei

invented the first telescope, supported the Heliocentric theory.

What did Kepler, Descartes, and Newton do for math and science and Darwin?

All mathematically established the laws of physics, motion, and gravity. Established that the universe operates according to natural laws that are observable, measurable, and describable.

What did Ray and Linnaeus do for taxonomy and Darwin?

provided a framework for understanding the evolutionary relationships between living things.

Ray

created the first scientific classification system for plants and animals, introduced species and genus

Linnaeus

founder of modern taxonomy, added class and order.

What is binomial nomenclature?

the taxonomic system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.

What did LeClerc, Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck do for biology and ecology and Darwin?

demonstrated that species change over time, and that the environment was a major driving force of this change.

LeClerc

wrote Natural History which helped people understand the natural world and environment/change.

Erasmus Darwin

argued that species change over time.

Lamarck

first scientist to provide an explanation of the evolutionary process; use-disuse theory.

What is Lamarck's "use/disuse" hypothesis of inheritance?

an animal can acquire characteristics during its lifetime and pass them on to their offspring.

What did Hutton and Lyell do for geology and Darwin?

established a deep history for Earth that was requisite for evolutionary theory to work.

Hutton

found that the Earth is "millions" of years old and has a long history.

Lyell

father of modern geology, revived Hutton's theory of uniformitarianism.

Uniformitarianism

slow geologic processes observed today (earthquakes, volcanic activity, etc.) have always been at work.

What did Hooke and Cuvier do for paleontology and Darwin?

created the fossil record, which is key to understanding evolution over time.

Hooke

identified cells as the building blocks of life, first to realize fossils were the remains of living things.

Culvier

father of paleontology, introduced the concept of extinction, catastrophism.

What is catastrophism?

natural disasters shaped the Earth, wrecked areas were restocked with new life migrating in or newly created.

What did Thomas Malthus do for demography and Darwin?

his essay led Darwin to the conclusion that characteristics of individuals determine the winners and losers in the great struggle for survival.

Malthus

father of demography, explored the relationship between food supplies and population.

What does population growth and the struggle for existence mean?

constant competition for food and resources with increasing populations leads to a "struggle for life".

Who was Alfred Russell Wallace and what was his impact on Darwin?

sent a letter to Darwin outlining his ideas on natural selection which influenced Darwin to publish his ideas before someone else got credited for them.

Five Facts

1: All species have the capacity to increase population

2: Population is usually maintained

3: Natural Resources are limited

4: Variability exists.

5: Variability is heritable.

Three Inferences

1: There is a struggle for existence

2: Individuals most suited to the environment will have a greater chance of surviving

3: Natural selection may cause gradual changes or lead to evolution of new species

Variation

In order for survival of the fittest to occur, variation must be present.

Survival of the Fittest

Beneficial traits can increase the chance of survivability for a particular environment and will be passed to offspring.

What is the definition of "fitness"?

The amount of genes a person contributes to the next generation.

What was Thomas Huxley's contribution to Darwin and the science of human evolution?

Huxley would defend Darwin; wrote "Man's Place in Nature" which used anatomy to compare humans and great apes.

What was Darwin's theory missing?

The sources of variation and the mechanisms of heredity.

Demes

a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce fertile offspring.

Gene Pool

all of the genetic information in the breeding population

Species

all of the demes that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring.

Directional

alleles shift in one direction

Stabilizing

favors the average over the extremes.

Disruptive

favors the extremes over the average.

Genetic Drift

Genetic change due to chance. Caused by small population size and/or reproductive isolation.

Founder Effect

An extreme form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals contribute exclusively to the gene pool of the next generation.

Gene Flow

The transfer of genes across population boundaries.
Can be random (forced or accidental migration) or non-random (purposeful migration).
Common within demes, less common between demes.

Explain sickle cell trait as an example of natural selection in humans.

allows those who have it to be somewhat immune to malaria. You can see this cell most commonly in areas with high malaria occurrences, showing that this is a favorable trait that has been passed on for survival.

Cultural

Studies all aspects of modern human behavior.

Archaeology

Studies past human societies through material remains.

Linguistic

Studies the construction and use of language by human societies.

Physical (biological)

the study of human biological evolution and human biocultural variation.

Four Subfields

Cultural
Archaeology
Linguistic
Physical (biological)

Why is biology different from anatomy?

Biology focuses on genetics and internal variations, anatomy deals with physical variations.

What is biocultural evolution?

The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture.

What are the 5 subfields of physical anthropology?

Paleoanthropology, primatology, osteology, paleopathology, and forensic anthropology.