China (1921-1949) - IGCSE History

Which soviet organisation advised the CCP to join the GMD to unite china and eradicate warlords?

Comintern

When was the first united front formed

1923

Benefits of CCP joining first united front

• receive financial and military aid

• able to prove legitimacy and gain support

• reduced risk of GMD attack

• able to defeat warlords

Benefits of GMD joining first united front

• keep CCP in check

• gain weapons and supplies from USSR

• defeat warlords and centralise china

what did the soviets provide the first united front

• modern weapons and supplies

• military advisors eg. Galen

• funded military academy which trained NRA soldiers

What was the name of the military academy for soldiers

Whampoa military academy

When was the northern expedition

july 1926 to dec 1928

Warlords defeated in northern expedition

Sun and Wu

warlord factions targetted in northern expedition

Zhili and Anhui cliques

tactics of the northern expedition

• blockhouse strategy which cut off supply lines and surround enemy base

• CKS bribed warlords and promised to leave their armies if they submitted to GMD control

How did the CCP gain support from peasants in first united front

Eight points of attention: respected peasants

LIMITED to: reducing rent and taxes, capping interest rates. (NO struggle sessions yet)

Who did the GMD and CCP gain support from after Northern Expedition respectively

GMD: wealthy chinese, urban merchants and middle class, foreign powers and rural landlords

CCP: peasants

membership stats for NRA after northern expedition

70,000 to 250,000.

GMD gov established in 1928 to centralise china.

When was the shanghai massacre

april 1927

how many communists were massacred in shanghai and how many killed in other provinces

5000 in shanghai and more than 250,000 in other provinces

name of nationalists group that terrorised communists

white terror

when were the extermination campaigns

1927-1934

What was the policy that demolished rural areas in extermination campaigns

Scorched earth policy

Who proposed the blockhouse strategy for the GMD

General Hans Von Seekct

Distance of roads built to transport how many NRA soldiers

11,000km for 800,000 NRA soldiers

When was the Jiangxi soviet set up

1931

how many peasants killed due to scorched earth policy

over 1 million

losses of CCP in fifth extermination campaign

60,000 soldiers and half their territory

distance of the long march

6000 miles

Which guy made the CCP walk in big group during long march

Otto braun

How many CCP men lost in battle of the xiang

30,000

What happened during the Zunyi conference 1935

Mao took control tgt with Zhou Enlai.

They decided to use guerilla warfare and zig zag routes.

What happened at the dadu river?

22 elite ccp members swung across the luding bridge in chains to escape NRA soldiers

How many people survived the long march

10,000

Mao’s quote about the long march where he spun it into a story of self sacrifice and comradeship

The long march is also a seeding machine

What happened in the mukden incident 1931

The Japanese faked a bomb explosion at the railway and blamed it on the Chinese, justifying their actions to invade Manchuria. 

What happened in the Xi An incident

CKS’s generals kidnapped him to agree to a second united front because he was too focused on defeating the CCP while Japanese forces were actively invading Northern China.

Which incident kickstarted NRA forces opening fire on japanese forces

Marco Polo bridge incident on 7/7/1937

CCP membership during 2nd Sino-Japanese war

40,000 to 1.2 mil by 1945

GMD population and industry losses against japanese

Lost 40% of population and 95% of China’s industry. 

What campaign did Peng Dehuai carry out against the japanese and what did it involve?

Hundreds Regiment Campaign. Destroyed 900km worth of railway and captured japanese troops.

Japanese retaliation to hundreds regiment campaign and how many red army soldiers killed

three alls campaign. 100,000 red army soldiers killed. (25%)

slogan of three alls campaign

kill all, burn all, loot all

unpopular GMD actions during sino japanese war

high taxes, conscription, ill treatment, foreign support from usa.

What was the new 4th army incident in 1941

3000 ccp troops killed for not retreating fast enough from gmd areas.

what was the ichigo offensive in 1944 and adverse gmd outcome

japanese wanted to take control of us air bases in china used to bomb japan, open rail routes and weaken china.

Chinese peasants attacked GMD to get their weapons and defend themselves against japanese.

US diplomat who mediated peace talks between CCP and GMD

Patrick Hurley

famous quote mao said during the civil war towards CKS

“We will give Chiang Yan’an, he will give us China.”

what was the liaoshen campaign 1948

PLA seized control of Manchuria and eliminated 500k NRA soldiers.

army size of CCP and GMD before battle of huai hai

GMD: 800,000 well equipped, US trained troops. 

CCP: 600,000 peasant and guerilla fighters+ 600,000 PLA troops

example of US aid to GMD in civil war

55,000 US marines sent as military commanders

Soviet aid to CCP during civil war

Soviet troops in Manchuria who gave them large supplies of Japanese military equipment + training

NRA death toll after battle of huai hai

500,000 casualties

What campaign was in Jan 1949

Pingjin Campaign: Beijing captured by CCP.  

when does mao declare china as “the people’s republic of china”

1 Oct 1949