psychological disorders

Psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by significant disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Four Ds

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger, used to identify abnormality

Medical model

explains disorders as biologically based illnesses treated medically

Biopsychosocial model

disorders arise from biological psychological and social-cultural factors

Epigenetics

study of how environment affects gene expression

DSM-5

manual used to classify and diagnose mental disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder

continuous and uncontrollable worry with autonomic arousal

Panic disorder

sudden intense panic episodes with physical symptoms

Phobia

irrational and persistent fear of specific objects or situations

Obsessions

unwanted repetitive intrusive thoughts

Compulsions

repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

disorder involving obsessions compulsions or both

Hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding possessions

Body dysmorphic disorder

preoccupation with perceived physical flaws

Trichotillomania

compulsive hair-pulling

Excoriation disorder

compulsive skin-picking

PTSD

disorder with trauma symptoms lasting more than four weeks

Somatic symptom disorder

bodily symptoms without medical cause

Illness anxiety disorder

interpreting normal sensations as signs of serious illness

Stimulus generalization

fear spread from original stimulus to similar ones

Reinforcement (anxiety)

avoidance strengthens fear behaviors

Hypervigilance

tendency to perceive threats in ambiguous stimuli

Anterior cingulate cortex

brain region overactive in anxiety and OCD

Major depressive disorder

two+ weeks of 5 symptoms including depressed mood or loss of interest

Persistent depressive disorder

long-term mild depression lasting two years or more

Mania

hyperactive optimistic state with risky judgment

Bipolar disorder

alternation between depression and mania

Learned helplessness

hopelessness when unable to avoid repeated bad events

Rumination

compulsive overthinking of problems and negative feelings

Negative explanatory style

blaming oneself and expecting the worst

Schizophrenia

disorder with hallucinations delusions disorganized speech and flat affect

Positive symptoms

added abnormal behaviors such as hallucinations and delusions

Negative symptoms

absence of normal emotions or behaviors

Chronic schizophrenia

slow-developing long-lasting form

Acute schizophrenia

sudden onset often after stress

Dopamine hypothesis

excess dopamine linked to schizophrenia symptoms

Flat affect

lack of emotional expression