Unit 4 photosynthesis bio

What happens without energy

Living things would cease to exist

ATP

Cell energy storage molecule

ATP stands for

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP structure

3 phosphates and 2 bonds

ATP compared to

Fully charged battery

ADP stands for

Adenosine Diphosphate

ADP structure

2 phosphates and 1 bond

ADP compared to

Half-charged battery

AMP stands for

Adenosine Monophosphate

AMP structure

1 phosphate and no bonds

AMP compared to

Uncharged battery

Where energy is stored in ATP

Phosphate bonds

How enzymes get energy

A phosphate breaks off ATP

ATP replenishment source

Energy from food

Plant energy resources

Water CO2 and sunlight

Plant water intake

Xylem absorbs water through roots

Plant CO2 intake

Stomata allow CO2 into leaves

Plant sunlight intake

Chloroplasts capture sunlight

Jan Baptist van Helmont

Scientist who studied plant mass

Van Helmont conclusion

Plants gain mass mostly from water

Van Helmont experiment

Measured willow tree mass

Joseph Priestley

Scientist who studied oxygen in plants

Priestley conclusion

Plants produce oxygen

Priestley experiment

Candle and jar experiment

Jan Ingenhousz

Scientist who studied sunlight and plants

Ingenhousz conclusion

Sunlight is needed to produce oxygen

Ingenhousz experiment

Compared plants in light vs dark

Plant energy source

Sun

Photosynthesis definition

Plants use sunlight to make food

Photosynthesis location

Chloroplasts

Reverse of photosynthesis

Cellular respiration

Sun's role in photosynthesis

Energizes electrons to make glucose

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Sunlight color

White light

Light wavelengths called

The spectrum

Pigment

Substance that absorbs or reflects light

Chlorophyll

Main green pigment in plants

Chlorophyll absorption

Absorbs red and blue light

Chlorophyll reflection

Reflects green light

Light-dependent reaction

Requires light energy

Light reaction inputs

Light and water

Light reaction outputs

Oxygen ATP and NADPH

Photosystem II role

Removes high-energy electrons from water

Electron transport chain function

Converts ADP to ATP

Photosystem I role

Re-energizes electrons

NADPH formation

NADP+ gains electrons

Calvin Cycle inputs

ATP NADPH and CO2

Calvin Cycle outputs

Glucose

Calvin Cycle energy source

Light-dependent reactions

Calvin Cycle stage 1

Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation process

CO2 binds to RuBP

Carbon fixation result

Two 3-carbon PGA molecules

Calvin Cycle stage 2

Reduction

Reduction process

ATP and NADPH form G3P

Reduction byproducts

ADP and NADP+

Calvin Cycle stage 3

Regeneration

Regeneration purpose

Recycles G3P to continue cycle

Calvin Cycle light requirement

Does not require light

Calvin Cycle limitation

Stops when ATP or NADPH runs out

Calvin Cycle other name

Light-independent reaction

Calvin Cycle alternate name

Dark reaction

Light-dependent location

Thylakoid membrane

Calvin Cycle location

Stroma

Light-dependent timing

Only occurs with light

Calvin Cycle timing

Occurs with or without light

Light-dependent products

O2 ATP NADPH

Calvin Cycle product

Glucose

Selective membrane in chloroplast

Inner membrane

Thylakoid

Membrane-bound disk

Granum

Single stack of thylakoids

Grana

Multiple stacks of thylakoids

Stroma

Fluid-filled space of chloroplast

Stroma lamellae

Connect and separate thylakoid stacks