HA Week 3 Vocab

alveoli

functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

apnea

cessation of breathing

asthma

an abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, characterized by inflammation, bronchospasm, wheezing, and dyspnea

atelectasis

an abnormal respiratory condition characterized by collapsed, shrunken, deflated sections of alveoli

bradypnea

slow breathing, fewer than 10 breaths per minute, regular rate

bronchiole

one of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion

bronchophony

the spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue

Bronchovesicular

the normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, characterized by a moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions characterized by airflow obstruction (e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis)

cilia

millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree

consolidation

the solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia

crackles

abnormal, discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration

crepitus

coarse, crackling sensation palpable over the skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue

dyspnea

difficult, labored breathing

Emphysema

type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of the alveoli distal to terminal bronchioles

fissure

the narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs

fremitus

a palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall

friction rub

a course, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed

hyperventilation

increased rate and depth of breathing

hypoxemia

decreased level of oxygen in the blood

intercostal space

space between the ribs

Kussmaul respiration

type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis

orthopnea

difficulty breathing when supine

percussion

striking over the chest wall with short, sharp blows of the fingers to determine the size and density of the underlying organ

pleural effusion

abnormal fluid collection between the layers of the pleura

rhonchi

continuous, adventitious lung sound characterized as low-pitched, musical, and snoring (sonorous) or moaning in quality

tachypnea

rapid, shallow breathing; more than 24 breaths per minute

vesicular

soft, low-pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields

wheeze

high-pitched, musical, squeaking adventitious lung sound

angina pectoris

acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply

aortic valve

the left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta

apex of the heart

tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space

apical impulse

point of maximal impulse (PMI); pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

bell (of the stethoscope)

cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds

bradycardia

slow heart rate, less than 50 beats per minute in the adult

clubbing

bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions

cyanosis

dusky blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood

diaphragm (of the stethoscope)

flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds

diastole

the heart's filling phase

edema

swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid

Erb's point

traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space

First heart sound (S1)

occurs with closure of the atrioventricular valves signaling the beginning of systole

second heart sound (S2)

occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic and pulmonic; signals the end of systole

mitral valve

left atrioventricular valve separating the left atrium and ventricle

palpitation

uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate

syncope

temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood flow (fainting); caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation

systole

the heart's pumping phase

tricuspid valve

right atrioventricular valve separating the right atrium and ventricle

aneurysm

defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect

arrhythmia

variation from the heart's regular rhythm

arteriosclerosis

thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls

atherosclerosis

plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries

bruit

blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded

ischemia

deficiency of arterial blood to a body part due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

lymph nodes

small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels

lymphedema

swelling of the extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting

pitting edema

indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue

pulse

pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close to the skin and over a bone

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation

ulcer

open skin lesion extending into dermis, with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue

varicose veins

dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves

base of the heart

broader area of the heart's outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostal spaces

tachycardia

rapid heart rate, greater than 95 beats per minute in adults