Diseases of the Repro System

1. middle

2. progesterone; ovulation

3. 1-4

4. hypertrophy; endometrial

5. fluid

6. decreases; contractions

7. bacteria; mucometra → pyometra

8. E. coli or Staphylococcus spp.

mucometra / pyometra -

• (1) typically occurs in _______-aged females

• (2) results from increasing ____________ levels after __________

  • (3) usually __-__ months after last heat cycle

• (4) _________ of the _________ glands of the uterus

• (5) ______ accumulation in the uterus

• (6) progesterone also causes _________ in myometrial _________ so fluid doesn’t move

• (7) if ________ is able to invade & colonize then…

  • (8) most commonly…

1. pus

2. life-threatening

3. vaginal discharge w/ an odor, +/- fever, +/- lethargy

4. draining; life-threatening

5. toxins; systemically

6. renal; septicemia

7. acute onset lethargy, anorexia, fever, polydipsia, distended abdomen

two types of pyometra -

OPEN

• (1) open cervix allows ____ to drain

• (2) still can be ____-__________, however, not as time sensitive

• (3) symptoms?

CLOSED

• (4) closed cervix prevents _________ of pus & is more ____-__________

• (5) build-up of bacterial ______ makes dogs __________ ill

• (6) increased risk of ______ damage from _________

• (7) symptoms?

• PE: abdominal palpation - fluid filled tubular structure; pus draining from vulva

• radiographs / ultrasound

• CBC: neutrophilia, leukocytosis

• chem: +/- azotemia

• culture & sensitivity of discharge

diagnosis of mucometra / pyometra

• OVH

• IV fluids

• antibiotics

**if owner refuses to spay, can try prostaglandin & antibiotics with open pyometra only

treatment of mucometra / pyometra

• generally good if treated early with OVH

• rapid decline if tx is delayed & increased surgical risks in elderly, debilitated patient

prognosis of mucometra / pyometra

• medical tx poses increased risk to patient & there is up to 40% chance of recurrence

• benefit of spaying younger animals

client communication regarding mucometra / pyometra

• dog / cat = 63 days

• cattle = 283 days

• equine = 340 days

• small ruminants = 148 days

avg. gestation lengths of…

• dog / cat

• cattle

• equine

• small ruminants

• ultrasound ~22 days

• radiographs ~45 days (cannot get a good count until ~53 days)

• ELISA for relaxin ~28 days

diagnosis of pregnancy

• decline in rectal temperature >1˚F due to decreasing progesterone

• nesting behavior from mother (owners should provide a whelping area for nesting)

• decreasing appetite 24 hours beforehand

what are some signs of impending parturition?

• dilation of the cervix

• intermittent contractions

• 6-12 hours

1st stage parturition

• abdominal contractions

• 1st fetus moves into pelvic canal

• fluid discharge

2nd stage parturition

• fetal delivery should occur every 15 - 30 minutes until all are born

• dystocia if longer than 2 hours btwn puppies or entire birth lasts longer than 24 hours

3rd stage parturition

dystocia

term for difficult birth

• bulldogs

• failure of uterine inertia

• oversized fetus

• fetal malposition

causes of dystocia

• oxytocin - increases uterine inertia

• cesarean section for oversized or malpositioned puppies (OVH can be performed at the same time if desired)

treatment of dystocia

eclampsia

hypocalcemia due to increased demands of lactation

2-3 weeks post-partum

when does eclampsia usually occur?

• ataxia

• stiff gait

• tremors

• hyper-salivation

• seizures

clinical signs of eclampsia

chem - hypocalcemia

diagnosis of eclampsia

• IV calcium gluconate - ADMINISTER SLOWLY OVER 30 MINUTES TO AVOID BRADYCARDIA & ARRHYTHMIAS

• calcium supp. in diet when patient goes home (TUMS - calcium carbonate)

treatment of eclampsia

• not always avoidable (especially with large litters), but feeding high quality food can reduce risks

• consider calcium supp. in late pregnancy of animals with previous history of eclampsia

prevention of eclampsia

mastitis

painful engorgement of the mammary gland due to milk stasis; may also result in or from mammary infection

• red, swollen teats

• discolored milk

• reluctance to allow nursing

• abscessed glands

clinical signs of mastitis

• PE

• milk culture

diagnosis of mastitis

• remove neonates from affected glands

• warm compress on glands

• antibiotics

treatment of mastitis

1. 50:50

2. 99%

3. 92%

4. 75%

5. >90%

6. 86%

mammary carcinoma

DOGS

• (1)__:__ chance mammary tumor is benign vs. malignant

• (2) OVH before 1^st heat reduces risk of mammary neoplasia by __%

• (3) OVH before 2^nd heat reduces risk of mammary neoplasia by __%

• (4) OVH before 3^rd heat reduces risk of mammary neoplasia by __%

• no significant reduction after that

CATS

• (5) > __% malignancy in mammary masses

• (6) OVH before 1 year of age reduced risk of mammary neoplasia by __%

• firm nodule in the mammary chain

• surrounding lymph nodes may be enlarged as well

clinical signs of mammary carcinoma

biopsy or FNA

diagnosis of mammary carcinoma

• surgical excision

• chemotherapy

treatment of mammary carcinoma

• most commonly, sudden late term abortion

• infertility

• gray-green vaginal discharge

• lymphadenopathy

female clinical signs of brucella canis

• often asymptomatic

• scrotal swelling

• prostatitis

• testicular atrophy

male clinical signs of brucella canis

false

true or false: brucella canis is potentially zoonotic via contact with infected dogs & is commonly transmitted to humans

negative; intra-

brucella canis = gram ________, ____cellular bacteria

1. mucous membranes; lymph nodes

2. bacteremia; month

3. venereal; fetus; nursing

4. five

brucella canis -

• (1) penetrate _______ __________ & spread to regional ________ ______

• (2) ________ may occur up to a _______ after infection

• (3) ________ transmission is most common, but may spread to _____ & _______ pups

• (4) bacteria can circulate for up to __ years

BW

• IFA - false positives are common

• PCR

• aerobic blood culture

• serology

diagnosis of brucella canis

• no definitive treatment proven to work in all animals

• long-term antibiotics - fluoroquinolone & aminoglycoside combined with neutering

• often recrudesces 1-2 months after tx discontinued

• in breeding populations, consider euthanasia to prevent spread of disease

• in pets, euthanasia may still be considered due to zoonotic potential

treatment of brucella canis

transmissible venereal tumor (TVT)

contagious neoplasia of the reproductive organs

• via cellular transplantation from direct contact with the tumor in an infected dog

• rarely, oronasal infection may occur due to licking infected surfaces

how is TVT transmitted?

• bloody genital discharge

• single or multiple cauliflower-like masses of the penis or vulva

clinical signs of TVT

FNA is usually diagnostic, but can biopsy as well

diagnosis of TVT

• chemotherapy - usually curative

• surgical excision - often difficult to get complete margins due to nature of the location

treatment of TVT

excellent

prognosis of TVT

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

enlargement of the prostate gland as a result of increased testosterone receptors

1. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

2. rare in felines

1. what is the most common prostate disease of canines?

2. how common is it in cats?

• asymptomatic

• tenesmus

• hind limb stiffness / lameness

clinical signs of BPH

• PE: enlarged prostate on rectal palpation

• definitive diagnosis via biopsy

diagnosis of BPH

neuter

treatment of BPH

excellent - neuter is curative

prognosis of BPH

true

true or false - all neoplasia of the prostate is malignant

• tenesmus

• lethargy

• weight loss

• hematuria

• stiffness in rear limbs

• lymphadenopathy

clinical signs of prostatic carcinoma

• PE: enlarged prostate on rectal palpation

• radiographs

• ultrasound

• FNA is usually diagnostic

diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma

• chemotherapy may slow progression

• euthanasia when patient is no longer able to U/D comfortably

treatment of prostatic carcinoma

grave

prognosis of prostatic carcinoma

sertoli cell tumors

estrogen producing neoplasia of the testicles usually found in senior dogs

false - they are TWICE as likely***

true or false: cryptorchid dogs are not as likely to develop testicular tumors

• asymmetrical testicular enlargement

• irregularly shaped testicles

• teat enlargement

• penile atrophy

• localized lymphadenopathy

clinical signs of sertoli cell tumors

1. leydig tumors

2. seminomas

besides sertoli cell tumors, what are other types of testicular tumors in dogs?

FNA or biopsy

diagnosis of sertoli cell tumors

• castration

• +/- chemotherapy

treatment of sertoli cell tumors