World History Semester 1 Final

Buddhism

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama in 5th Century India.

Christianity

Founded by Jesus in 1st Century Jerusalem.

Islam

Founded by the Quran around 570 CE in Mecca.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core beliefs guiding Islamic faith and practice.

Maya Civilization

Thrived from 0-900 CE in Mesoamerica.

Inca Civilization

Existed from 1300 until early 1500s in South America.

Aztec Civilization

Flourished from 1300 until early 1500s in Mexico.

Black Plague

Spread via fleas on rats in the 14th century.

European Contact Consequences

Led to disease, violence, and land loss for Native Americans.

Genghis Khan

Founded the largest land empire in the 1200s.

Humanism

Focus on reason, learning, and creativity during Renaissance.

Printing Press Impact

Made books cheaper, spreading ideas rapidly.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's critique of Catholic Church practices in 1517.

Indulgences

Payments for forgiveness, criticized by Martin Luther.

Church of England

Founded by Henry VIII after pope denied his divorce.

Middle Ages Education

Controlled by the Church, limiting access to knowledge.

Renaissance

Period of renewed interest in art and learning.

Scientific Revolution

Transformation in scientific thought during the Renaissance.

Monks and Priests

Primary authors of religious texts in the Middle Ages.

Trade Routes

Paths facilitating the spread of the Black Plague.

Cultural Impact of Mongols

Genghis Khan shaped trade and culture across continents.

Spanish Conquest

Utilized disease and slavery to conquer Aztec and Inca.

Corruption in Catholic Church

Led to widespread discontent in the 1500s.

Henry VII

Started the Church of England for divorce.

Anglican Church

Church founded by Henry VII, breaking from Catholicism.

Mary I

Tried to restore Catholicism in England briefly.

Elizabeth I

Made England permanently Protestant after Mary I.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church meeting to address Protestantism.

Indulgences

Payments for forgiveness, not essential for salvation.

Renaissance

Period that sparked curiosity and exploration.

Age of Exploration

Era of global exploration and discovery.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, diseases, and cultures between continents.

Positive consequences of Columbian Exchange

New foods improved diets globally.

Negative consequences of Columbian Exchange

Spread of diseases and environmental harm.

African Slavery

Brought to Americas for cheap labor on farms.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey of slaves from Africa to Americas.

Triangular Trade

Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and Americas.

Chinese Explorers

Sought trade ties and displayed wealth.

European Explorers

Sought new routes and colonies for riches.

Isolation of China and Japan

Protected cultures from foreign influence in 17th century.

Absolutism

Political system where one ruler holds all power.

Absolute Ruler

Monarch with total control over laws and military.

Divine Right

Belief that monarchs' power comes directly from God.

Enlightenment

Movement promoting new ideas about government and society.

Enlightened Thinkers

Philosophers advocating democracy and accountability in governance.

Social Contract

Agreement where government protects rights in exchange for obedience.

Reason and Laws of Nature

Relying on logic and science over tradition and religion.

Scientific Method

Process of observing, hypothesizing, testing, and concluding.

Heliocentric Theory

Sun-centered model of the solar system, disproving geocentrism.

Galileo

Astronomer who supported heliocentrism and challenged church authority.

Kepler

Formulated laws of planetary motion and orbits.

Newton

Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Atomic Theory

Concept that matter is composed of atoms.

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution.

Declaration of Rights of Man

1789 document asserting equality and individual rights.

Estates-General

Assembly representing clergy, nobility, and commoners in France.

Old Regime

Social and political system in France before the Revolution.

National Assembly

Main legislative body formed by representatives of the Third Estate.

First Estate

Clergy, the highest social class in pre-revolution France.

Second Estate

Nobility, the second social class in France.

Third Estate

Commoners, including peasants and middle class, with limited power.

Louis XVI

King of France executed during the French Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader during the Reign of Terror, advocating strict justice.

Napoleon

Military leader who became Emperor of France post-revolution.

Napoleonic Code

Legal framework established by Napoleon for France.

French Revolution

Revolution that abolished monarchy and established equality.

Causes of French Revolution

Debt, inequality, food shortages, and Enlightenment ideas.

Pre-Revolutionary Conditions

Poverty, high taxes, and ignored citizens in absolute monarchies.

Effects of French Revolution

Abolished monarchy, inspired global democratic movements.

Support for Napoleon

Restored order and economy, promised equality and reforms.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to redraw borders post-Napoleon's defeat.

Latin American Revolutions

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas and independence desires.

Colonial Impact: Religion

Catholicism spread due to Spanish and Portuguese rule.

Colonial Impact: Language

Spanish and Portuguese became dominant languages.

Nationalism

Pride in one's country, promoting independence.

Realpolitik

Practical political decisions over ideals or morals.

Nationalism: Unity

Brings people together through shared pride.

Nationalism: Disunity

Can lead to conflict and exclusion.

Bismarck's Diplomacy

Strategic alliances to avoid two-front wars.

Bismarck's Wars

Fought Denmark, Austria, and France for unification.

Industrial Revolution

Shift to machines and factories for production.

Urbanization

Increase of population in cities and urban growth.

Capitalism

Private ownership and minimal government interference.

Communism's Aim

Address inequality by sharing wealth equally.

Socialism

Government manages resources for equitable distribution.

Industrial Revolution: Resources

Coal and iron were key for manufacturing.

Industrialization: Positive Effects

More jobs, technology, and faster production.

Industrialization: Negative Effects

Pollution, poor conditions, and child labor.

Industrial Revolution: Origin

Started in Britain due to resources and economy.

Factors of Industrial Revolution

Inventions, trade, population growth, and capitalism.

Bismarck's Realpolitik

Focus on power and national interest.

Urbanization: Definition

Movement to cities for jobs and growth.

Government Role in Socialism

Regulates resources for fair access.