PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE

(Urinalysis) (color and clarity) (preliminary identification) (Physical examination)

(_______) is the physical, chemical, and microscopic

examination of urine.

● It involves a number of tests to detect and measure

various compounds that pass through the urine.

● There are 3 Examinations/Stages for you to complete

urinalysis.

Ancient scientists based their medical decisions by just

looking into the (_______&____) of the urine.

● In today’s time, physical examination of urine gives us a

(________________) of the patient with regards to

their ailment.

o Ex: Glomerular Bleeding, UTI, Inborn errors of

Metabolism.

(_____________) is just a preliminary identification

because it needs to correlate to the chemical and

microscopic tests, for us to find out whether the

abnormality that was found in the physical examination

would either be true pathologic or non-pathologic.

(Color) (Clarity of the Urine Sample) (Specific Gravity) (Odor)

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PARAMETERS

-

-

-

Involved in both Physical and Chemical

Examinations. However, it is only done now in the

Chemical Examination.

(______________)

o It is NOT part of the Routine Urinalysis Reporting.

Midstream

Clean Catch Urine.

Specimen used for physical examination is (___________)

(light source) (white) (color change) (colorless to black) (Metabolic conditions (Dehydrated, Hydrated, etc.) (Material ingestion) (Fluid consumption) (Pathologic conditions)

• Care should be taken to examine the specimen under a

good (_________), looking down through the container

against a (_______) background.

● Patients often seek medical advice or request a

urinalysis when they observe a (_______) in their

urine.

● Color of urine varies from (_________).

• Variation of the color of urine may be due to:

o (_________________)

o (_____________)

o (_________________)

o (_____________)

(darker in color) (pale in color) (Diabetes Mellitus) (pale ) (160 - 180 mg/dL) (Polyphagia (Excessive Hunger)) (Polydipsia (Excessive Thirst)) (Polyuria (Excessive Urination))

● Terminology used to describe the color of urine may

differ slightly among laboratories. However, it should be

consistent within each laboratory.

o Color reports would depend on the protocol of the

respective laboratories.

o Ex: Some laboratories might report “Pale Yellow”

while others report it as “Light Yellow”.

● Roughly indicates the degree of hydration, and should

correlate with urine specific gravity.

● Strasinger’s rule of correlation between urine color and

specific gravity:

o Urine specific gravity is increased = (__________)

o Urine specific gravity is decreased = (________)

● Patients with (_________) often give out results

contradicting Strasinger's rule.

o Increased specific gravity but (_____) in color.

o The increase in the sample’s specific gravity is due

to the increase of the glucose concentration in the

urine.

o Patients experiencing Diabetes Mellitus exceed the

renal threshold of glucose.

▪ Renal threshold of glucose = (____________)

o Diabetes Mellitus has 3P symptoms which

contribute to the dilution of urine color:

1. (________________)

2. (______________)

3. (______________)

(Urochrome) (Yellow) (Uroerythrin) (Pink)

PIGMENTS

(_______)	(_______)	● Actual amount produced is dependent on the body’s metabolic state, with increased amounts produced in thyroid conditions and fasting state. ● Produced at a constant rate. ● Also increases in urine that stands at room temperature.
(______)	(_______)	● Attaches to the urates, producing a pink color to the sediment. ● Evident in specimens that have been refrigerated. ● Resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates.
(_______)	(________)	● An oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to the urine that is not fresh.

(Recent fluid) (Polyuria) (Diabetes Mellitus) (Diabetes Insipidus) () () ()

COLORS

Note: Normal color of urine is COLORLESS to DEEP

YELLOW

● Colorless ● Pale Yellow	● (_________) consumption ● (_______) ● (_________) ● (________)
	● Concentration specimen ● Bilirubin o Proceed to Chemical Examination to distinguish from pathologic or non-pathologic o Physical test would be by placing the specimen in a tube and shaking vigorously. Formation of a yellow foam would signify the presence of bilirubin. However, yellow foam would also signify that the patient is taking medication. o Stable, large, white foam formation indicates high concentration of proteins in urine. ● Acriflavine ● Pyridium ● Nitrofurantoin ● Phenindione