Anatomy and physiology l Cell physiology

terminology etc.

Homeostasis

stable, balanced environment within the body and cells

Receptor

sensor that detects change

control center

receives information and sends out commands

effector

responds to commands to modify the change

set point

desired “value” within the body

Correct order of physiology

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

negative feedback

The body’s way of counteracting or reversing a change

positive feedback

stimulus causing an increased/amplified response

nucleus

houses genetic material

mitochondria

produces ATP

endoplasmic reticulum

aids protein/lipid synthesis

ribosome

makes proteins

golgi apparatus

packaging center

peroxisomes

break down fatty acids

lysosomes

break down parts of cells

cell membrane

outer phospholipid bilayer with selective permeability (controls what enters or leaves the cell)

fluid mosaic model

dynamic structures with various embedded components

Passive membrane transport

movement of substances across a membrane without use of energy requiring a gradient and permeability

Diffusion

A substances ability to spread out from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Rate of diffusion affected by

temperature, solubility, size of gradient, distance substances travels, cross sectional area, size of substance

Diffusion rate

(temp x gradient x cross sectional area x solubility) / (molecular weight x distance)

Osmosis

diffusion of water where same rules of passive transport apply and membrane must be semipermeable. water moves toward higher solute concentration

Facilitated diffusion

movement of substance across membrane using membrane (channel or carrier) protein. large and charged molecules

Active transport

consists of primary and secondary where substances are being moved against a gradient

primary active transport

uses ATP to move substances

Sodium-Potassium pump

transports 3 sodium ions out of cell and 2 potassium ions into cell. needed for cell life, nerve signals, and kidney function

secondary active transport

no direct ATP use, instead uses ion gradients to move substances

co-transport

2 substances move in same direction across membrane

counter transport

substances move in opposite directions

endocytosis

substances are engulfed and brought into cells

exocytosis

substances are passed outward through cell membrane