HOSA CPR/First Aid

How many breaths and compressions do you perform for each cycle of CPR?

2 breaths and 30 compressions

How do you treat a cut / gash on a person's arm?

With clean dressing, put gauze pads on the cut.
Hold for 1 minute and state that you are holding for 1 minute.
If bleeding continues, place more clean gauze pads and hold 1 more minute with more pressure. Bleeding should subside.
Wrap arm with some kind of bandage to maintain pressure.

To preform CPR on an infant the rescuer should do compressions at a rate of _____.

at least 100 compressions a minute

A young man was standing to close to a fire and the hair caught on fire. The fire was extinguished quickly but the skin on the forehead is mildly burned. You should ______.

Cool the burn with cold but not ice-cold water

What are the steps to checking a unconscious person?

Make sure scene is safe.
Tap the victim's shoulder while asking "Are you okay?"
Check for breathing and take carotid pulse.
Give 30 compressions.
Check for carotid pulse again.
Begin CPR.

What are signs that indicate a medical emergency?

unusual noise, sight, odor, appearance, or behavior.

List some barriers to action.

- presence of other people
- unsure of victim's condition, type of injury or illness
- fear of catching disease
- fear of doing something wrong
- being unsure when to call 911

Name the 3 C's of first aid.

check, call, care.

What do you check for prior to administering care to a victim?

- scene safety
- other victims
- bystanders
- signs and clues to what type of injury or condition victim has
- ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation)

Who do you call prior to administering care to a victim?

911 or EMS.

How long should you check a victim's breathing?

10 seconds.

Define implied consent.

the assumption that a victim would give permission to treat them if he or she were conscious.

List some key facts about the transmission of disease.

- can be airborne, in a fluid, or vector (bite)
- injured person must be infected for transmission to occur
- rescuer has to have a break in skin
- there must be sufficient amount of pathogens

Define pathogen.

a disease causing microorganism.

Provide care for first 2 minutes under what circumstances?

- unconscious adult, adolescent, or infant
- witnessed collapse

Call FIRST under what circumstances?

- cardiac emergencies
- drowning victims
- unwitnessed collapse

List the respiratory organs.

- airway (which consists of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi)
- lungs

What is the function of the respiratory system?

supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide by breathing.

List some common respiratory system problems.

- asthma
- respiratory distress
- respiratory arrest

List the circulatory organs.

- heart
- blood
- blood vessels

Which direction do arteries pump blood?

away from the heart.

Which direction do veins pump blood?

towards the heart.

What is the function of the circulatory system?

transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes waste products.

List some common circulatory system problems.

- cardiac arrest
- heart attacks
- blood clots

List the nervous system organs.

- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves

What is the function of the nervous system?

transmits messages to and from the brain to regulate all of the body and its systems.

List some common nervous system problems.

- paralysis
- seizures
- strokes
- concussions
- fainting
- loss of consciousness.

List the musculoskeletal organs.

- bones
- muscles
- ligaments
- tendons

What organs can you strain?

tendons

What organs can you sprain?

ligaments and muscles

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

provides framework, protects internal organs, and allows movement and heat.

List some common musculoskeletal system problems.

- breaks
- tears
- sprains
- strains
- fractures

List the integumentary organs.

- skin
- nails
- hair

What is the function of the integumentary system?

prevents infection and dehydration, and regulates body temperature.

List some common integumentary system problems.

- breaks
- tears
- punctures
- lacerations
- abrasions

List the digestive organs.

- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder

What is the function of the digestive system?

breaks down food to supply body with energy.

List some common digestive system problems.

- ulcers
- choking
- allergies
- food poisoning

List the endocrine organs.

glands.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

secretes hormones into blood.

List some common endocrine system problems.

- diabetes

List the genitourinary organs.

- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
- penis (males)
- testes (males)
- vagina (females)
- ovaries (females)
- uterus (females)

What is the function of the genitourinary system?

reproduces offspring, removes waste, and regulates water balance.

List some common genitourinary system problems

- dehydration
- infections

What is the medical term for a bruise?

ecchymosis

List body cavities from head to toe.

1. cranial
2. thoracic
3. abdominal
4. pelvic

List some common breathing emergencies.

- choking
- illnesses
- asthma
- electrocution
- shock
- drowning
- heart attack
- allergic reactions
- drugs
- emphysema
- bronchitis
- croup
- hyperventilation

Define asthma.

a condition that narrows the breathing passages and makes it difficult to breathe, caused by a spasm of the muscle lining in the bronchi.

List the signs and symptoms of asthma.

- wheezing
- difficulty breathing
- painful breathing

List the treatments for asthma.

- medications (inhaler, etc.)
- fresh air

Define bronchitis.

a disease resulting in inflammation of the lining of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

List the signs and symptoms of bronchitis.

- persistent cough
- chest tightness
- difficulty breathing

List the treatments for bronchitis.

- antibiotics

Define anaphylactic shock.

a severe allergic reaction that can restrict and swell a person's chest cavity and cause death.

List the causes of anaphylactic shock.

- insect stings
- certain foods
- medication

List the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.

- chest tightness
- swelling of throat, face, and neck
- difficulty breathing
- dizziness
- confusion

List the treatments for anaphylactic shock.

- injection of epinephrine, followed by the activation of EMS

Define croup.

a common viral illness in children that causes swelling of the tissues around the vocal cords, characterized by a "seal bark" type of cough.

List the treatments for croup.

- fresh cool air
- steamy bathroom

Define epiglottitis.

a bacterial infection that causes severe inflammation of the epiglottis.

What are the signs of epiglottitis?

- appear ill
- fever
- sore throat
- the need to sit up in order to breathe
- drooling
- difficulty swallowing

What are the treatments for epiglottitis?

- antibiotics

Define hyperventilation.

occurs when breathing is faster than normal, imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, occurs in nervous people, people who are in shock and tense.

List the treatments for hyperventilation.

- relax the victim

Describe general respiratory distress care.

Call 911.
Help victim rest comfortably.
Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).
Keep victim from overheating or chilling.
Assist victim in taking medications.

Respiratory distress can lead to _____.

respiratory arrest, body system deterioration, cardiac arrest, or death.

List the two types of choking.

anatomical & mechanical.

Describe the techniques used to stop choking.

5 back blows
5 abdominal thrusts

List the symptoms of a heart attack.

- chest pain
- chest heaviness
- pale skin
- weak pulse
- nausea
- vomiting
- pain radiating to left arm
- indigestion
- shortness of breath
- sweating

Describe proper heart attack care.

Call 911.
Rest victim in comfortable position.
Give victim nitroglycerin under tongue if available (1 every 3 minutes).
Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).

Describe adult CPR guidelines.

- 2 hands on sternum
- compress 1 1/2 inches to 2 inches
- 30:2 compression to breaths ratio
- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.

Describe child CPR guidelines.

- 1 hand on chest
- rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds
- compress 1 inch to 1 1/2 inches
- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.
- 30:2 compression to breaths ratio

Describe infant CPR guidelines.

- 2 fingers
- rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds
- mouth covers over mouth and nose during rescue breathing
- compress 1/2 inch to 1 inch
- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.

Describe the adult chain of survival.

- early activation of EMS
- early CPR
- rapid defribrillation
- advanced life support
- post-cardiac arrest care

Describe the pediatric chain of survival

- prevention of arrest
- early CPR
- rapid activation of EMS
- advanced life support
- post-cardiac arrest care

When do you stop CPR?

The rescuer should try not to stop. However, he or she may if:
- he or she becomes so exhausted they cannot continue
- someone of equal or greater training comes to take over
- his or her personal safety is in danger (as in the scene is not safe)
- the victim is pronounced dead by a medical doctor

List some of the causes of cardiac arrest.

- drugs
- respiratory arrest
- drowning
- electrocution
- weak heart
- suffocation
- firearm injuries
- poison
- genetic history factors

Define clotting.

process which blood thickens at a wound site to seal a hole or tear and stop bleeding.

Define direct pressure.

pressure applied on a wound to control bleeding

Define hemorrhage.

loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.

List the signs of internal bleeding.

- discoloration
- tenderness
- swollen, hard tissues
- anxiety
- restlessness
- rapid breathing
- cool, moist, pale skin
- nausea
- vomiting
- excessive thirst
- declining level of consciousness

Describe proper closed wound care.

Apply direct pressure.
Apply cold pack.
Call 911 if severe.

Describe minor open wound care.

Wash out.
Apply sterile dressing with direct pressure.
Apply antibiotic ointment.

Describe major open wound care.

DO NOT WASH.
Apply clean dressing with direct pressure.
Bandage.
Call 911.

Describe care given for wounds caused by embedded objects.

Do NOT remove object unless it is preventing breathing.
Use bulky bandages.
Be careful not to further move object.
Control bleeding.
Call 911.

List some of the causes of burns.

- heat
- chemicals
- electricity
- solar radiation.

List the signs and symptoms of first degree burns.

- red, dry skin
- area is painful
- area is swollen (superficial)

List the signs and symptoms of second degree burns.

- red, wet, skin
- open and closed blisters
- skin spotted and blotchy
- area is painful
- area is swollen
- area is deep

List the signs and symptoms of third degree burns.

- brown or charred skin
- tissue underneath appear white
- painful
may be life threatening

List the critical burn locations.

- face
- hands
- feet
- genitals
- airway

Describe proper burn care.

Stop burning process (extinguish fire).
Cool the burned area.
Cover the burned area with a bandage.
Minimize shock.
Call 911 if third degree burn.

Describe Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

a serious tick borne disease caused by wood or dog ticks

List the signs and symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

- spotted rash on ankles or wrists that spreads
- fevers
- chills
- severe headaches
- joint and muscle aches.
early treatment is important because victim could die of kidney failure

List the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease.

- tick bite
- red rash (with bull's eye appearance)
- fevers
- chills
- headaches
- fatigue
- flu-like symptoms
contracted by deer ticks

List the signs and symptoms of stings and bites.

- stinger present
- bite marks
- pain
- local swelling
- rash
- hives
- nausea
- difficulty breathing
- itchiness

Describe proper care for stings and bites.

Remove stinger by scraping with fingernail or credit card. Only use tweezers with ticks.
Wash wound and cover with bandage.
Apply ice.
Watch for allergic reactions.

List the signs and symptoms of spider bites.

- bite marks
- sharp pain (black widow)
- swelling and blistering (brown recluse)
- pain
- cramping
- nausea
- vomiting
- difficulty breathing / swallowing
- sweating
- irregular heartbeat

Describe proper care for spider bites.

Call 911 as soon as possible.
Antivenin will be needed

List the signs and symptoms of snake bites.

- fang bite marks
- pain
- burning
- swelling
- tingling
- numbness

Describe proper care for snake bites.

Wash.
Apply ice and immobilize the body part.
Call 911.
Antivenin will be needed if pit viper bite