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Weakness of the Articles of Confederation regarding leadership
Lack of a strong leader; decision-making was the responsibility of committees.
Ineffectiveness in military matters
Absence of a federal army; relied solely on state militias.
Issue with the federal court system
No federal court system to resolve disputes among states.
Federal government and taxation
Lacked power to levy taxes.
Changing a law under the Articles of Confederation
Required unanimous consent from all 13 states.
Purpose of the Northwest Ordinance
To delineate territories and outline statehood processes.
Guarantees for settlers in the Northwest Territory
Assurance of religious freedom and trial by jury.
Event that exposed Articles of Confederation weaknesses
Shay’s Rebellion.
Outcome of Shay's Rebellion
Increased concern over the Articles' effectiveness.
Concern regarding slavery post-Revolution
Contradictions between the struggle for liberty and slavery.
When and where was the Constitutional Convention held?
May 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
President of the Constitutional Convention
George Washington.
Federalists' beliefs on government structure
Support for a robust central government led by the wealthy.
Anti-Federalists' primary concern
Desire for strong state government and individual rights protection.
Virginia Plan representation proposal
Representation based on state population.
Great Compromise
Established a bicameral legislature with population-based representation in one house and equal representation in another.
3/5 Compromise
Counted 3 out of 5 slaves for representation and taxation purposes.
Popular sovereignty definition
Government authority rests with the people.
Separation of powers principle
Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches.
Checks and balances meaning
Each government branch has some influence over others to prevent dominance.
Anti-Federalists' demand for the new Constitution
Inclusion of a Bill of Rights.
First Amendment protections
Guarantees freedom of religion and expression.
Second Amendment right
Protection of the right to bear arms.
Third Amendment provision
Citizens cannot be compelled to house soldiers.
Fourth Amendment search warrant requirement
Must specify the location, person, and items involved.
Fifth Amendment assurance
Guarantees due process of law.
Sixth Amendment rights
Guarantees a fair trial and the right to an attorney.
Eighth Amendment prohibition
Bans cruel and unusual punishment.
Ninth Amendment implication
Recognition of unenumerated rights retained by the people.
Tenth Amendment significance
Reserves powers not granted to the federal government for the states.
George Washington's role regarding the Articles of Confederation
Concern over the Articles' inadequacy.
Purpose of committees under the Articles of Confederation
To facilitate decision-making in lieu of an executive branch.
Economic principle supported by Federalists
Manufacturing-based economy.
Articles of Confederation tax system
Congress could only request state tax payments.
Constitutional power granted to Congress
Ability to levy taxes on individuals.
Impact of Shay's Rebellion
Highlighted the Articles' shortcomings.
Constitutional Convention response to representation issues
Creation of the Great Compromise.
Initial goal of the Constitutional Convention
Address weaknesses of the Articles.
Key figures at the Constitutional Convention
Included George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison.
Document outlining rights of US citizens
Bill of Rights.
Federalists' view on the Bill of Rights
Considered it unnecessary.
Anti-Federalist concern during Constitution ratification
Absence of a Bill of Rights to safeguard freedoms.
Function of legislative branch
Creation of laws.
Function of executive branch
Law enforcement.
Function of judicial branch
Interpretation of laws.
Document that limited government powers
Magna Carta.
John Locke's philosophical focus
Natural rights.
Key aspect of the English Bill of Rights
Protection of certain individual rights.
Federalism definition
Power shared between state and national governments.
Significance of the Mayflower Compact
Establishment of self-government by the people.
Benjamin Franklin's role at the Constitutional Convention
Provided wisdom as one of the elder delegates.
Anti-Federalists' economic focus
Agriculture-based economy.
Issue resolved by the Great Compromise
Representation conflict in Congress.
Reason Southern states wanted slaves counted in representation
Boost political power without corresponding taxes.
Economic difference between North and South
North had a diversified economy, South relied on slavery.
Congress' limitation under the Articles regarding trade
Inability to regulate interstate commerce.
Consequence of lacking a federal army
State militias acted independently, causing inefficiency.
Principle of limited government
Laws apply equally to everyone.
Replacement for the Articles of Confederation
The Constitution.
Function of committees under the Articles
Collective decision-making in absence of an executive.
Public opinion shift due to Shay’s Rebellion
Need for stronger federal authority.
Proposer of the New Jersey Plan
William Patterson.
Federalists' stance on national government role
Advocated for a stronger national authority.
Meaning of Republicanism
Representative democracy.
First Amendment rights
Includes freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, and petition.
Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination
Guarantee of legal rights.
Constitution's military-related differences from the Articles
Empowers Congress to raise an army.
Term for divided government powers
Federalism.
Establishment of checks and balances
Constitution's power division mechanism.
Contents of the Bill of Rights
First ten constitutional amendments.
First action under the Articles of Confederation
Creation of postal services.
Influential concepts for Constitution framers
Ideas from the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, and Enlightenment thinkers.
Framers' goal with Bill of Rights
Protection of individual liberties.
Amendment requirements under the Articles
Unanimous approval from all 13 states.
Event that prompted leaders to reassess the Articles
Shay’s Rebellion.
Mechanism for law passage in Constitution
Majority in both houses plus presidential approval.
Purpose of Fourth Amendment
Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures.
Bicameral legislative definition
Two-house system in Congress.
Sovereignty definition in government context
Supreme power or authority.
Limitation of the Articles regarding trade
No capacity for regulating interstate trade.
Framers' approach to preventing branch dominance
Establishment of checks and balances.
Major concern of delegates at Constitutional Convention
Weaknesses of the existing Articles.
Key proponents of strong central government
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
Criteria for territory statehood application under Northwest Ordinance
Minimum population of 60,000.
Purpose of the Federalist Papers
To support the Constitution's ratification.
Anti-Federalists' fear without Bill of Rights
Risk of government infringement on rights.
Natural rights concept proponent
John Locke.
Deficiency in Articles for international relations
Weak central authority for treaty negotiations.
Separation of powers principle illustration
Division of government into branches.
John Jay's contribution to governance
Advocated for a strong national government as a Federalist.
Articles' approach to military needs
Depended on often inadequate state militias.
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists fundamental disagreement
Strong national government versus emphasis on states' rights.
Key Articles of Confederation weaknesses
Lack of executive authority, tax power, and national defense.
First indication of discontent under the Articles
Shay's Rebellion.
Liberty protection model for Constitution framers
Development of the Bill of Rights.
Characteristic of federal government structure
Power sharing between national and state levels.
Critical governance need identified by framers
Checks to avert tyranny.
Montesquieu's government ideology
Advocacy for separation of powers.
Composition of the legislative branch
Encompasses the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Resolution for slave counting controversy
3/5 Compromise.
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