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Thematic issues of developmental psychology
stablility vs. change
nature vs. nurture
teratogens
harmful agents that negatively impact prenatal development
most impactful in embryo stage
includes tobacco, certain drugs/ medications
can damage cells and tissues, resulting in physical or functional defects
maternal illness
illnesses experienced by the mother
Rubella can cause several birth defects
zika virus can lead to brain development problems, hearing or vision loss, feeding problems
genetic mutations
down syndrome
Sickle cell anemia
harmonal factors
thyroid hormone deficiency- can lead to developmental delays, cognitive impairments
excess stress hormones- preterm labor, low birth weight
environmental factors
Smoking, lead exposure, radiation, air pollution
maturation
Orderly sequence of biological growth; aka genetic blueprint
stimulation can impact development
gross motor skills
ability to control and coordinate large muscle groups for activities like running, jumping, throwing a ball
fine motor skills
ability to coordinate small muscles such as writing, buttoning a shirt, using cutlery
critical period
optimal period when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development
Sensitive period
developmental windows during which the brain is particularly responsive to experiences
ex: learning a second language is easier when younger
rooting
infant reflex which helps them feed
visual cliff
demonstrates an early ability in infants to percieve depth and an innovative way to assess infant responses
attachment
emotional tie to a person
shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
Strange situation study
mary ainsworth
found repsonsive parenting leads to more secure attachments
at about a year, infants develop stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
between ages 18 months and 3 years- anxiety provoked by separation or a threat to their mother
Secure
healthy
characterized by a child’s sense of safety, comfort, and independence
shows distress when caregiver leaves, but quickly returns to comfort when they return
insecure attachment
makes it difficult to form and maintain heralthy relationships
characterized by lack of trust, lack of secure base
Avoidant
type of insecure attachment when a child doesn’t get the care or attention needed.
may have issues forming close relationships or struggle with showing emotion.
anxious
fear of rejection or abandonment
inconsistent parenting
needs constant reassurance or validation
Disorganized
inconsistent and contradictory behavior in relationships
want to be close but also fear hurt
poor emotional regulation: want extreme closeness or extreme distance
harlow’s theory of attachment
body contact, familiarity, responsive parenting
The monkey experiment with one with a feeding bottle and the other with comfy blanket.
infants become instantly attached to entities that provide comfortable body contact to them. things like rocking, warmth, and feeding make attachment stronger.
NOT NOURISHMENT! lack of close relationships can even affect physical growth
Authoritative
parent is warm, attentive, and sensitive to child’s needs and interests
parent makes reasonable demands for the child’s maturity level; explains and enforces laws
parent permits child to make decisions in accord with developmental readiness
Authoritarian
parent is cold and rejecting. frequently degrades the child.
parent is highly demanding —> use of coercion by yelling commanding, criticizing and reliance on punishment
parent makes most decisions for the child; rarely listens to the child
Permissive
parent warm but may spoil the child
few or no demands- misplaced concern for the child’s self esteem
parent permits child to make decisions before the child is ready
uninvolved
emotionally detached; withdrawn and inattentive
few or no demands- lacking in interest
parents are indifferent to child’s decisions and point of view
