Year 11 ATAR Human Biology Test 1 Revision

Courtesy of IAmTheShadows.

Cells

Basic structural and functional units of life.

Cell Transport

Movement of substances across cell membranes.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing a function.

Metabolism

Chemical processes for maintaining life.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts speeding up chemical reactions.

Respiration

Process of converting glucose into energy.

Scientific Method

Logical approach for solving scientific problems.

Observations

Information gained through the senses.

Inferences

Explanations based on observations.

Hypotheses

Testable statements linking two variables.

Independent Variable

Manipulated variable in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

Measured outcome affected by the independent variable.

Controlled Variables

Variables kept constant to ensure valid results.

Uncontrolled Variables

Overlooked variables affecting experiment outcomes.

Placebo

Inactive substance resembling real medication.

Blind Experiment

Participants unaware of treatment type received.

Double Blind Experiment

Neither participants nor researchers know treatment type.

Validity

Extent to which an experiment measures what intended.

Reliability

Consistency of results across repeated experiments.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive data based on observations.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data measured in experiments.

Caffeine

Stimulant affecting heart rate and energy levels.

Heart Rate

Number of beats per minute.

Placebo Effect

Change in condition due to expectations.

Experimental Error

Mistakes affecting the accuracy of results.

Repetition

Conducting experiments multiple times for reliability.

Study Sessions

Organized time for focused learning and revision.

Group Accountability

Encouraging peers to stay committed to study goals.

Biological variance

Differences between individuals in a population.

Sample size

Number of participants in a study.

Anomalous results

Outliers significantly differing from other measurements.

Outlier

Data point far outside the normal range.

Mean

Average value calculated from data set.

Results table

Organized display of observed data.

Graphing

Visual representation of data relationships.

Trends

General direction of data in graphs.

Bar graph

Used for comparing different groups.

Line graph

Shows changes over time, even slight ones.

Ratios

Comparison of two quantities, e.g., 16:3.

Rates

Speed of an action, e.g., 4km/hr.

Percentages

Expresses one variable's relation to another.

Percentage change

Calculates increase or decrease in results.

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation to be tested.

Control group

Group without the independent variable.

Experimental group

Group with the independent variable present.

Placebo

Inactive substance resembling real treatment.

Psychosomatic effect

Influence of expectation on outcomes.

Selection bias

Uncontrolled variable affecting participant selection.

Random sampling

Random selection to minimize bias.

Reliability

Consistency of results across experiments.

Validity

Accuracy of measuring what is intended.

Repetition

Conducting experiments multiple times for accuracy.

Control tests

Tests to compare against experimental results.

Blinding

Participants unaware of group assignments.

Confidence in results

Increased with larger sample sizes.

Percentage change

The difference between two values expressed as a percentage.

Psychosomatic effect

Physical symptoms caused by psychological factors.

Sample size

The number of observations in a study.

Trend

A general direction in data over time.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

Validity

The accuracy of a measurement or study.

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment.

Independent variable

The factor manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The factor measured in response to changes.

Controlled variable

Factors kept constant during an experiment.

Biological variation

Differences in biological characteristics among individuals.

Random selection

Choosing participants randomly for a study.

Control group

Group not exposed to the experimental treatment.

Conclusion

Summary of results and findings from an experiment.

Reliability

Consistency of results across multiple trials.

Replication

Repeating an experiment to verify results.

Placebo

A substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control.

SA:V Ratio

Surface area to volume ratio, important for cell efficiency.

Cell theory

All organisms consist of cells; cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell membrane

Barrier separating cell contents from the external environment.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance within the cell, excluding the nucleus.

Cytosol

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm, mainly water.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell performing specific functions.

Cytoskeleton

Protein framework providing shape and support to cells.

Inclusions

Chemical substances in the cytoplasm as granules or droplets.

Nucleus

Cell organelle containing DNA and controlling cell activities.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of membranes for storage and transport within cells.

Golgi body

Modifies and packages proteins for secretion.

Lysosome

Digestive organelle containing enzymes to break down materials.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration.

Cilia

Short, hair-like projections for cell movement.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures for cell propulsion.

Microtubules

Hollow rods in the cytoskeleton for structure and movement.

Microfilaments

Thin fibers aiding in cell movement and material transport.

Inclusions

Chemical substances in cytoplasm, not cell structure.

Haemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells, carries oxygen.

Melanin

Pigment responsible for skin and hair color.

Cell Membrane

Barrier separating internal and external cell environments.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Membrane structure with moving molecules and diverse components.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two-layer arrangement of phospholipid molecules in membranes.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving; attracts water molecules.

Hydrophobic

Water-hating; repels water molecules.

Receptor Proteins

Proteins that receive signals from outside the cell.

Channel Proteins

Proteins that allow specific substances to pass through.