Chapter 2 - Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy & Physiology Definition

Study of structure and function of the human body

Macroscopic Anatomy

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Development Anatomy

study of human growth and development

Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable

Function always reflects structure

What a structure can do depends on its specific form

Levels of Structural Organization (smallest => largest)

Chemical ~> Cellular ~> Tissue ~> Organ ~> Organ System ~> Organismal

integumentary system

- skin, hair, nail, and sweat

- protect deeper tissue from injury & synthesize VD

integumentary system home

cutaneous receptor, sweat, and oil glands

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Bones

storage site for minerals and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Skeletal Muscle Concentration

all to pick up and move items external to themselves

locomotion

allow humans being themselves to move through space and time

Nervous System

senses and responds to internal and external environment by activating muscle and glands

- brain, spinal cord, all nerves and neurons

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism through hormones

- glandular organs

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

respiratory system

Supplies blood with oxygen. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

-remain pH balance, sense of smell, and verbal communication

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

what does the digestive system eliminate?

indigestible foodstuff

digestive system organs

mouth, esophagus, rectum, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

also pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Reproductive System

produce sex hormones, gametes, possibly offspring and maybe secondary sec charcteristic

male reproductive system organs

Testes, scrotum, ductus, deferens, prostate glands, and penis

female reproductive system organs

Ovaries, Uterine, tests, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

movement

substances ( food, blood, etc.) move in the body

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Catabolism

biochemical reaction that break down large molecules into smaller ones

Anabolism

biochemical reaction that builds large molecules from smaller ones

Growth

increase in organism size due to increase in #/ size of existing cell and extracellular materials

Homeostasis

internal environment remains stable, despite changes in the external environment

Normal Homeostatic Range

preset limits in which a physiological variable can oscillate

Stimulus

condition that causes deviation of physiology parameter, outside of normal homeostatic range

Receptor

Intrinsic sensor that detects outside shifts

Control Center

sense of sensory information and decides a proper outcome

Effector

"work house" - elicits the response dictated by command center

Positive Feedback

response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Negative Feedback

the response reduces the initial stimulus, maintain homeostatic

Thermoreceptors

detect change and get information about the body temperature and sends it via an afferent pathway

Oxytocin

hormone that causes uterine concentration, milk let down, orgasm, and feeling of trust

Prolactin

hormone that increases milk production in the mammary gland

homeostatic imbalance

leads to increase risk of diseases and contributes to the change associated with aging

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward to create precision and accuracy in communication among medical practitioner

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane (horizontal plane)

division of the body into upper and lower portions

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Ventral (anterior)

closer to the front of the body

Dorsal (posterior)

closer to the back of the body

Lateral

toward the side of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Proximal

Toward the torso or limb attachment

Distal

Further from the torso or the site of limb attachment

Superficial

toward the surface of the body (external)

Deep

further from the surface of the skin

Supine position

lying on back, facing upward

prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

Dorsal

back of the body or organ

- include cranial and vertebral cavity

cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral cavity

houses the spinal cord

ventral

front side of the body

- include thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

superior (top) to the diaphragm

thoracic organs

- two pleural cavity ( a lung for each )

- pericardial (has a heart)

- superior mediastinum ( part of the esophagus and trachea run)

adbominopelvic cavity

cavity inferior (below) to the diaphragm

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

- abdominal cavity ( digestive system )

- pelvic cavity ( urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectums )

Serosa (serious membrane)

protective connective tissue wrapping

what two layers are in serosa?

Visceral (touching organs) and Parietal ( Outer Superficial layer)

Serosa fluid

space between the two layers

- slippery interface so organs can move for daily activities and organs can slide past one another

right upper quadrant

gall bladder, ascending colon, stomach, transverse colon, kidney, liver, and small intestine

right lower quadrant

cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord, anus, ascending colon

Left upper quadrant

kidney, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, transverse colon, small intestine, and descending colon

Left lower quadrant

left ovary, spermatic cord, left ureter, small and large intestine