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Pteridophytes
Horsetails and ferns.
Medicinal purposes
Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes.
Soil-binders
Pteridophytes are used as soil-binders.
Ornamentals
Pteridophytes are frequently grown as ornamentals.
Vascular tissues
Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues - xylem and phloem.
Cool, damp, shady places
Pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places.
Gametophytic
In bryophytes, the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic plant body.
Sporophyte
In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte.
True root, stem, and leaves
The sporophyte in pteridophytes is differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves.
Microphylls
The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls).
Macrophylls
The leaves in pteridophyta are large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
Sporangia
The sporophytes bear sporangia.
Sporophylls
Sporangia are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
Strobili or cones
In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called strobili or cones.
Meiosis
Sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.
Prothallus
Spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular free-living,
mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.
Water requirement
Prothallus requires cool, damp, shady places to grow.
need for fertilisation
Antheridia and archegonia
Gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively.
Zygote
Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium results in the formation of a zygote.
Homosporous
Majority of the pteridophytes produce spores of similar kinds; such plants are called homosporous.
Heterosporous
Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds of spores, macro and micro spores, known as heterosporous.
Megaspores and microspores
Megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively.
Embryo development
Female gametophytes retain the zygotes and develop young embryos within them.
Evolution
The development of the zygotes into the young embryos is a precursor to the seed habit and considered an important step in evolution.
Classification
Pteridophytes are further classified into four classes:
Psilopsida (Psilotum),
Lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium),
Sphenopsida (Equisetum),
and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
Pteridophytes
The ________ include horsetails and ferns.
Medicinal
Pteridophytes are used for ________ purposes and as soil-binders.
Vascular tissues
Evolutionarily, pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to possess xylem and phloem, which are types of ________.
Gametophytic
In bryophytes, the dominant phase in the lifecycle is the ________ plant body.
Sporophyte
In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a ________ which is differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves.
Microphylls
The leaves in pteridophyta are small, also known as ________, as in Selaginella.
Sporangia
The sporophytes bear ________ that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls.
sporophylls
In some cases ______ may form distinct compact structures called strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).
strobili
In some cases sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called ______ or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).
sporangia
The ______ produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells.
spores
The sporangia produce ______ by meiosis in spore mother cells.
gametophytes
The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid ______ called prothallus.
prothallus
These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirement and the need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. Water is required for transfer of antherozoids – the male gametes released from the antheridia, to the mouth of ______.
Fusion
Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the archegonium result in the formation of ______.
Zygote
Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular well-differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase of the pteridophytes.
Homosporous
In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar kinds; such plants are called ______.
Heterosporous
Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known as ______.
Gametophytes
The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male ______, respectively.
Embryos
The development of the zygotes into young ______ take place within the female gametophytes.
Seed habit
______ is considered an important step in evolution, and pteridophytes are a precursor to this event.
Psilopsida
______ is a class of pteridophytes that includes Psilotum.
Lycopsida
______ is a class of pteridophytes that includes Selaginella and Lycopodium.
Sphenopsida
______ is a class of pteridophytes that includes Equisetum.
Pteropsida
______ is a class of pteridophytes that includes Dryopteris, Pteris, and Adiantum.