NUR 207 Exam 2

Shiley trach

A type of tracheostomy tube that has a disposable inner cannula and typically doesn't require an obturator for insertion.

Chest tube

A tube placed in the pleural space to remove air or fluid and restore pressure for lung re-expansion.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, often characterized by sharp chest pain.

Tension pneumothorax

A life-threatening condition where air enters the pleural space and cannot escape, leading to increased pressure.

Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, often above 180 mg/dL.

Hypoglycemia

A condition characterized by low blood sugar levels, often below 70 mg/dL.

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipocytes that signals satiety and helps to regulate energy balance.

Asthma

A respiratory condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to airway inflammation and obstruction.

Status asthmaticus

A severe asthma attack that is unresponsive to standard treatments and requires immediate medical attention.

Oxygen therapy

A treatment to provide supplemental oxygen to patients with hypoxia or respiratory difficulties.

What is a tracheostomy?

A surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea to facilitate breathing.

What conditions may require a chest tube?

Conditions like pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or hemothorax may require a chest tube.

What are the common symptoms of pericarditis?

Symptoms include sharp chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath.

What are the possible causes of tension pneumothorax?

Causes can include trauma, lung disease, or mechanical ventilation.

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?

Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

What are some causes of hypoglycemia?

Causes can include excessive insulin, missed meals, or intense exercise.

How does leptin affect appetite?

Leptin signals the brain to decrease appetite when fat stores are sufficient.

What triggers an asthma attack?

Triggers can include allergens, exercise, cold air, and smoke.

What is the treatment for status asthmaticus?

Treatment may involve bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

Who might benefit from oxygen therapy?

Patients with conditions such as COPD, pneumonia, or severe asthma may benefit from oxygen therapy.

What are potential complications of a tracheostomy?

Complications can include infection, bleeding, and tube dislodgment.

How can chest tubes be monitored?

Monitoring involves checking for air leaks, fluid output, and patient respiratory status.

What diagnostic tests can confirm pericarditis?

Tests include echocardiograms, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and chest X-rays.

What can happen if tension pneumothorax is not treated promptly?

It can lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest due to increased intrathoracic pressure.

What long-term effects can chronic hyperglycemia have?

Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to nerve damage, kidney failure, and cardiovascular disease.

What preemptive measures can prevent hypoglycemia?

Measures include regular meal timings, appropriate insulin dosing, and monitoring blood glucose levels.

What role does leptin play in obesity?

Leptin resistance can occur in obesity, where the brain does not respond to leptin signals, leading to increased appetite.

How can asthma be managed beyond medications?

Management can include allergen avoidance, peak flow monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.

What are the signs that indicate a need for immediate medical attention in asthmatics?

Signs include severe shortness of breath, inability to speak, and blue lips or face.

What are the criteria for determining the need for long-term oxygen therapy?

Criteria include resting hypoxemia, chronic lung disease, and exercise-induced desaturation.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

A measurement indicating how quickly air can be expelled from the lungs, used to monitor asthma.

Bronchospasm

A sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchi, causing narrowing of the airways.

Asthma Triggers

Factors that can provoke asthma symptoms; these include environmental allergens and internal factors like exercise.

Inhaled Corticosteroids

First-line daily medication used to reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma attacks.

Accessory Muscles

Muscles that assist in breathing; their use can indicate respiratory distress in asthma patients.

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin indicating lack of oxygen, a sign of severe asthma exacerbation.

Early Phase Response

The immediate reaction to asthma triggers leading to bronchospasm and airway narrowing.

Late Phase Response

A delayed inflammatory response that occurs 4-6 hours after initial exposure to triggers.

Asthma Action Plan

A personalized plan based on peak flow zones detailing medications and when to seek help.

Polysomnography

A sleep study used in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

A common treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea that maintains upper airway patency.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

A sleep disorder characterized by partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep.

Leukotriene Modifiers

Oral medications that block substances that can cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation in asthma.

Peak Flow Meter

A handheld device used to measure how hard a person can breathe out, helping to monitor asthma status.

Asthma Classifications

Categories of asthma severity based on frequency and intensity of symptoms, including Intermittent and Severe Persistent.

Hypoxemia

A condition characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood, which can occur due to obstructive sleep apnea.

Patient Education

Important aspect of asthma care focusing on medication adherence and trigger avoidance.

Right Atrium

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Ventricle

A lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart.

Pulmonary Artery

The artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Coronary Arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which can increase blood pressure.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels, which can decrease blood pressure.

Troponin

A sensitive marker for myocardial damage that helps distinguish cardiac from non-cardiac chest pain.

Ejection Fraction

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

Bubble Study

A procedure during echocardiogram to detect shunts in the heart by using injected bubbles.

ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index)

A test comparing blood pressure in the ankle with blood pressure in the arm to assess for peripheral artery disease.

Exercise Stress Test

A test to evaluate the heart's response to stress or exercise.

Pathophysiology

The study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, resulting in little to no insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A condition in which the body does not use insulin properly, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and typically resolves after childbirth.

Pre-diabetes

A condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis.

Hyperglycemia

An abnormally high level of glucose in the blood, often indicative of diabetes.

Hypoglycemia

An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood, potentially leading to symptoms like confusion and irritability.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Basal-Bolus Regimen

A diabetes management strategy that combines long-acting (basal) insulin with rapid-acting (bolus) insulin for meals.

Microvascular Complications

Complications of diabetes that affect small blood vessels, leading to conditions like retinopathy and nephropathy.

Macrovascular Complications

Complications of diabetes that affect large blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Diabetic Neuropathy

Nerve damage resulting from high blood sugar levels, leading to symptoms like pain, numbness, and tingling.

Angiopathy

Damage to blood vessels caused by high levels of glucose over time, leading to various diabetes complications.

Foot Care for Diabetic Patients

A set of practices to prevent foot injuries and infections in patients with diabetes, including daily inspection and proper hygiene.

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)

The regular testing of blood glucose levels used to guide treatment decisions for diabetes.

Exercise Recommendations

Guidelines for physical activity in diabetes management, suggesting at least 150 minutes a week of aerobic exercise and resistance training.

Dawn Phenomenon

A rise in blood glucose levels in the early morning hours, often due to hormonal changes.

Somogyi Effect

Rebound hyperglycemia that occurs after episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia.

Hypertension

Persistent elevation of SBP ≥130 mmHg or DBP ≥80 mmHg.

Primary hypertension

Hypertension that is essential and has no identifiable underlying cause.

Secondary hypertension

Hypertension that occurs due to an identifiable underlying cause.

Blood Pressure Stages

Categories for blood pressure: Normal, Elevated, Stage 1 HTN, Stage 2 HTN.

Pathophysiology of Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

Non-modifiable risk factors

Risk factors that cannot be changed, such as age, gender, race, and family history.

Modifiable risk factors

Risk factors that can be changed, such as diet, activity level, and smoking.

Complications of Hypertension

Include congestive heart failure, stroke, renal failure, and visual changes.

DASH diet

Dietary approach to stop hypertension, focusing on weight loss and sodium restriction.

Hypertensive crisis

A severe increase in blood pressure that can lead to organ damage.

Patient education for hypertension

Includes self-monitoring, understanding side effects, and medication adherence.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated levels of lipids in the blood, major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

LDL cholesterol

'Bad' cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup.

HDL cholesterol

'Good' cholesterol that helps remove LDL.

Treatment for Hyperlipidemia

Includes lifestyle changes and drug therapy to lower LDL and raise HDL.

Nursing responsibilities for Hyperlipidemia

Monitor lipid levels, educate on diet and exercise, and assess for medication side effects.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate gas exchange, providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide.

Obesity

A complex disease characterized by excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems.

Epidemiology

The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease.

Primary obesity

Obesity resulting from excessive caloric intake relative to metabolic needs.