THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE (MODERNISM PART 2 & 3)

Known Figures (Modernism) (LAFACA)

• Louis Sullivan

• Aalvar Aalto

• Frank Lloyd Wright

• Adolf Loos

• Cass Gilbert

• Auguste Perret

LOUIS SULLIVAN

• “Form follows function.”

• Called the “Father of Modernism”

• Mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright,

Dankmar Adler

Louise Sullivan partnered with __The Auditorium, Chicago Wainwright Building, Chicago Chicago Stock Exchange Building Guaranty Building, Buffalo, New York - established the firm Adler and Sullivan

Works of Louis Sullivan

• The Auditorium

• Chicago Wainwright Building,

• Chicago Chicago Stock Exchange Building

• Guaranty Building, Buffalo, New York

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

• “We have primarily the new ideal of a building as organic. A building should be as dignified as a tree in the midst of nature.”

• Organic Architecture

Works Frank Lloyd Wright

• Falling Water

• Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Johnson Wax Headquarters Building

Guggenheim Museum, NYC

an organically designed piece of architecture in an urban setting. the museum buidling’s design was controversial when it was completed but praised later on. A 6 store helical ramp extends along the perimeter of the structure The concept was that of an inverted ziggurat. The helical ramp was said to be inspired by Giuseppe Momo’s helical staircase in the Vatican Museums

Johnson Wax Headquarters Building

uses Pyrex glass tubing that radiates natural light inside

ADOLF LOOS

• “Ornament is a crime.”

• Influential European theorist and a polemicist of modern architecture.

Raumplan

Adolf Loos developed ____ (lit. spatial plan) method of arranging interior spaces

Villa Müller

embodies Loos' ideas of economy and functionality. The Raumplan is evident in the multi-level parts of individual rooms, indicating their function and symbolic importance. Raumplan is exhibited in the interior as well as the exterior.

CASS GILBERT

• One of the first “celebrity” American architects

• Pioneered cladding a steel frame that became a model for skyscrapers

Woolworth Building (1912)

Cass Gilbert most famous for ____ Gothic skyscraper; It was the tallest building in the world from 1939 to 1929

Works Cass Gilbert

• U.S. Supreme Court Building

• Minnesota State Capitol Building

• Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House

Auguste PerretOne of Perret’s early concrete experiments, the Rue Franklin Apartment Building in Paris (1903), where the concrete structure, instead of being concealed, was clearly visible and was a part of the exterior design

• Was a student at École des Beaux-Arts

• Although his early work was Nationalist Romantic Style and Art Nouveau, his main interest was the structure of buildings and the use of new materials, such as concrete

Rue Franklin Apartment Building in Paris (1903)

One of Perret’s early concrete experiments, the ____ , where the concrete structure, instead of being concealed, was clearly visible and was a part of the exterior design

Church of Notre Dame du Raincy

It may have inspired the work of American Architect Antonin Raymond, namely the (middle) Tokyo Women's Christian University Chapel (1938) and (right) the tower of the Chapel of the Angry Christ in Victorias, Negros Occidental

Conseil Economique Social et Environnemental (Economic, Social and Environmental Council Building). T

• The main stairs of the Palais d'Iéna one of the buildings at the Council, with the hypostyle hall on the left side.

• The building is a classical monument in reinforced concrete with a modern design able to rival the ancient achievement of the Parthenon, the height of "aesthetic perfection"

Alvar Aalto

• Finnish architect and designer

• Believed painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture.”

• He pioneered bent plywood furniture

• was fond of curves

Gesamtkunstwerk

His career is characterized by a concern for design as ___—a total work of art (exterior and interior have to be unified)

Works of Alvar Aalto

• Villa Mairea by Alvar and Aina Aalto

• Paimio Sanatorium

• Lakauden Risti, Finland

• Church of Santa Maria Assunta, Italy

FUTURIST ARCHITECTURE

“The fundamental characteristics of futurist architecture will be obsolescence and transience. [Our] houses will not last as long as we shall. Each generation will have to build its own city.”

• characterized by long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism

by poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Based on Futurism: an artistic movement founded by

Giacomo Matte-Trucco

- designed the Lingotto Factory (1923); was one of the main production plants of the FIAT car; today it is a multipurpose center

Antonio Sant’Elia

• Italian architect

• He left behind almost no completed works of architecture and is primarily remembered for his bold sketches and influence on modern architecture

Angiolo Mazzoni

the Squadra rialzo building (1935) which he designed has been called “the greatest masterpiece of Futurist-Constructivist Modern architecture”

B. Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM)

• Founded in Switzerland in 1928

• An association of architects who wanted to advance modernism into an international setting.. It promoted the idea (based upon new urban patterns in the US)

CIAM's four functional categories: (DWTR)

• Dwelling

• Work

• Transportation

• Recreation

Dwelling

• Should occupy the best places in the city in terms of typography, climate, sunlight, and availability of green space.

• Healthy environment should be a priority

• Reasonable densities should be imposed both to the type of housing and to the conditions of the site.

• minimum number of hours of sunlight should be required

Recreation

• All residential areas should be provided with sufficient open space for residents of all ages

• Unsanitary slums should be demolished and replaced by open space.

• New open spaces should be used for: children’s playgrounds, schools, youth clubs and other community buildings closely related to housing.

• Week-ends spent in accessible and favorable places.

Work

• Distances between work and dwelling should be minimized.

• Industrial sectors should be separated from residential sectors

• should be contiguous with railroads, canals and highways.

Transportation

• Traffic analyzed to reveal the location of heavily travelled routes and the types of their traffic.

• Transportation routes should be classified

• Heavily used traffic junctions should be designed for continuous passage of vehicles, using different levels.

METABOLISM

• “We regard human society as a vital process—a continuous development from atom to nebula.”

• shinchintaisha

• started in japan

Buildings are like living organisms

> they should be able to morph over time

Kenzo Tange

• “... architects have a special duty and mission… [to contribute] to the socio-cultural development of architecture and urban planning.”

• Combined traditional Japanese styles with modernism

• Won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park

Kisho Kurokawa

• Most famous for Nakagin Capsule Tower in Ginza (demolished)

• Founded the Anaheim University Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute, which helps to develop environmentally-conscious business practices

• Studied under Tange at UTokyo

Kiyonori Kikutake

• “Contrary to the architecture of the past, contemporary architecture must be capable of responding to the changing needs of the contemporary era.”

• Japan Academy of Architecture Prize (1970)

• UIA (Union Internationale des Architectes) Auguste Perret Prize (1978).

• Best known for “Marine City” project which consists of a Floating Structure and the Linear Ocean City

Brutalism

an expressionist style of the International Style advocated by Le Corbusier and his fellow architects Mies van dar Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright, that opted for functionalism while producing sculptural shapes of raw unfinished concrete.

Postwar Architecture

• Post-war rebuilding = lack of resources (materials and of funding)

• Buildings produced were practical, affordable, quick to produce, and maximized the use of materials.

• Efficiently mass-produce designs.

Postwar buildings

Socially Inclined building

• Libraries

• Civic Centers

• Cities

Brutalism characteristics:

• low-cost modularity

• a focus on the purity and honesty of materials and construction

• concept of fostering communities by designing forms that reflected their inhabitants and location

Alison and Peter Smithson

In the U.K., _who were members of Team X (a break away from CIAM) were active in the Brutalist architectural scene

Brutalism …

brings out the raw beauty of the materials, especially concrete and brick in their own natural state, unpainted and unembellished.

New Brutalism

- the re-emergence of brutalist architecture in later contemporary period