organic rnc

alkanes to halogenoalkanes

FRS, limited x2 in UV light

alkenes to alkanes

reduction, h2, ni cat, heat

alkenes to dihalogenoalkanes

ea, x2 in ccl4

alkenes to halogenoalkanes

ea, dry hx gas

alkenes to halohydrins

ea, x2(aq)

alkenes to alcohol

ea, h2o(g), conc h3po4 cat, heat at high t and p, or cold conc h2so4, h2o(l), heat

oxidation of alkenes

kmno4 in h2so4(aq), heat

alkenes to diols

mild oxidation, cold dilute kmno4

arenes to cycloalkane

reduction, h2, ni cat, heat at high t and p

nitration of arenes

es, conc hno3, conc h2so4, heat at 55 or 30

halogenation of arenes

es, x2, anhydrous alx3

friedel crafts alkylation of arenes

es, ch3x, anhydrous alx3

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

reduction, sn in excess conc hcl, heat then naoh

methylbenzene to benzoic acid

oxidation, kmno4 in h2so4(aq), heat

RX to alkenes

elimination, koh in ethanol, heat

RX to alcohols

NS, koh(aq), heat

RX to ether

NS, Na in alcohol

RX to amine

NS, excess nh3 in ethanol, heat in sealed tube

RX to nitriles

NS, KCN in ethanol, heat

nitriles to carboxylic acid

hydrolysis, h2so4(aq), heat

nitriles to carboxylate salt

hydrolysis, naoh(aq), heat

nitriles to amines

reduction, lialh4 in dry ether

alcohol to alkenes

elimination, al2o3, heat

alcohol to RX

NS, pcl5(s)

alcohol to alkoxide

redox, na(s)

alcohol to ester (reversible)

condensation, carboxylic acid, conc h2so4, heat

alcohol to ester (irreversible)

condensation, acyl chloride

alcohol to aldehydes

oxidation, k2cr2o7 in h2so4(aq), heat with immediate distillation

alcohol to carboxylic acid

oxidation, kmno4 in h2so4(aq), heat

iodoform test

oxidation, i2(aq), naoh(aq), warm produces yellow chi3 ppt

tri halogenation of phenol

es, x2(aq)

monohalogenation of phenol

es, x2 in ccl4

tri nitration of phenol

es, conc hno3

mononitration of phenol

es, hno3(aq)

phenol to phenoxide

redox, na(s), or neutralisation, naoh(aq)

phenol to ester

condensation, naoh(aq), acyl chloride

distinguishing test for phenol

neutral fecl3(aq) produces violet complex

carbonyl to cyanohydrin

NA, hcn, trace amount of nacn(aq), cold

carbonyl to alcohol

reduction, lialh4 in dry ether

distinguishing test for all carbonyls

condensation, 2,4-DNPH produces orange ppt

distinguishing test for aldehydes

oxidation, tollen’s reagent, warm produces silver mirror

distinguishing test for aliphatic aldehydes

oxidation, fehling’s reagent, warm produces brick-red ppt

carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt

acid-base, na(s), naoh(aq), na2co3(aq)

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

NS, pcl5(s)

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

hydrolysis, h2o

ester to carboxylic acid and alcohol

hydrolysis, h2so4(aq), heat

amines to ammonium salt

neutralisation, HCl(aq)

amines to amides

condensation, anhydrous acyl chloride

test for acyl chlorides

hydrolysis, precipitation, agno3(aq) produces white ppt

amides to amines

reduction, lialh4 in dry ether