ANATOMY MIDTERM

ANATOMICAL TERMS AND DIRECTIONS

superior

toward the upper part; above

inferior

away from the upper part, toward the lower part; below

anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the back of the body; behind

medial

toward or at the mid line of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body

trunk

superfical (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Nervous System Function

collect, process and respond to

sensory information; control voluntary and

involuntary (reflex) actions

Nervous System Structure

brain, spinal cord, and all connected nerves and

sensory organs

Endocrine System Function

production and secretion of

hormones for regulation of the body (growth,

metabolism, and sexual development)

Endocrine System Structure

Hypothalamus and glands

Cardiovascular System Function

gas exchange and

nutrient transport to and from cells

throughout the body

Cardiovascular Structures

Heart, blood vessels (like arteries, capillaries,

and veins) and blood

Digestive System Function

gas exchange and nutrient transport to and from cells

throughout the body

Digestive System Structure

Heart, blood vessels (like arteries, capillaries,

and veins) and blood

Respiratory System Function:

gas exchange; taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide

Respiratory System Structure

Lungs, nose, mouth,

trachea and

diaphragm

Urinary System Func.

maintains water balance, gets rid of

waste, regulates blood volume and pressure, and

filters blood

Urinary system struct.

Kidneys and bladder

Lymphatic/ immune system Func.

defend, deflect and destroy

infectious agents that make their way into the body

Lymphatic/immune system struct.

Lymph nodes, blood vessels,

thymus, bone marrow, and spleen

muscular system Func

movement and stabilization

msucular system struct.

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

muscles

skateletal system Func.

support, protection for internal

organs, and aid in movement

skeletal system struct.

bones, tendons, ligaments, and

cartilage

Integumentary system Func.

acts as a barrier to protect the body

from the outside world, as well as regulates

temperature and controls water loss

Integumentary system struct.

Skin,

hair, nails, and

associated glands

reproductive system Func.

allows animals to reproduce by

producing egg and sperm, hormones, and nurturing

developing offspring.

reproductive system struct.

male: testes, female:ovaries

Homeostasis

stability of the internal environment

and the mechanisms that maintain the stability

Positive feedback loops

the output (or product)

of a system intensifies the response

Negative feedback loops

the output (or product)

of a system causes a counter response to return to a

set point

Macro-molecules types

carbohydrates

Sugars and starches

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Classified as monosaccharides and

disaccharides

Monosaccharides are the building blocks

of Carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Lipids

Fats

Meats, egg yolks, dairy products, and oils

Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Most abundant lipid in the body:

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Triglycerides

Source of stored energy

Three fatty acids and one glycerol

molecule

Can be Saturated and unsaturated fats

Proteins

Composed of Amino Acids

Over half of the body’s organic

matter

Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,

Nitrogen and Sulfur

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules, primarily DNA and RNA, that store, transmit, and express genetic information, directing cellular activities like protein synthesis and heredity. They are long chains of nucleotide monomers, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Tissue Types

Epitheial

Cells fit closely together and often form sheets

Avascular (no blood supply)

Regenerate easily if well nourished

Muscle

Function is to produce movement

Three types

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

Under voluntary control

Contracts to pull on bones or skin

Produces gross body movements or facial

expressions

Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

Striated

Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)

Long, cylindrical cells

cardiac Muscle

Under involuntary control

Found only in the heart

Function is to pump blood

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

Striated

One nucleus per cell

Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle

cells at intercalated disks

smooth muscle

Under involuntary muscle

Found in walls of hollow organs such as

stomach, uterus, and blood vessels

Characteristics of smooth muscle cells

No visible striations

One nucleus per cell

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

Function is to send impulses to other areas of

the body

Irritability

Conductivity

Support cells called neuroglia insulate,

protect, and support neurons

Simple Epithelial