History Topic 3.4-3.9

What did British war Depts lead to

Taxes on the colonies

American control was dependent on _____

allegiances with native tribes

Articles of Confederation

weak form of government written by the second continental congress during the rev war

The Constitution had replaced:

The Articles of confederation for a stronger federal gov and a bill of rights

Economical & Political info on moving westward

Economical: money opportunities

Political: NA negative interactions & European powers protected their borders from eachother

ALBANY PLAN OF UNION 

• Developed by Benjamin Franklin

• Provided for a government and system of taxes for the colonies for THEIR DEFENCE 

• Never took affect b/c of colonies wanting to have their own tax system

William Pitt

English secretary of State took control of the war planning Military strategy and issuing Orders to colonists

Peace of Paris (1763)

• GB acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida 

  • To compensate Spain, France gave them land west of the Mississippi River 

  • France lost influence in the Americas 

Effects of the Indian American war

• England emerged as the dominant North American power 

• Colonist gained interest of the land W of the Appellation Mountains

• GB war dept

How did the British see the Colonist after the F & IA war

• Saw the colonial military poorly

• British saw the colonies unwilling & unable to defend themselves

How did the colonies feel after the F & IA war?

• proud of the military performance

• not impressed by British military

Pontiac’s Rebellion

 alliance of tribes under chief Pontiac start to fight against colonial expansion

Proclamation of 1763

By the British gov prohibited colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains 

Colonist Reaction to the Proclamation of 1763

• Colonists were angry and ignored the law

Why were the colonist angry at the time?

could not elect officials to represent them and speak for them 

How did Britain respond to the colonist being angry about their representation?

Argued: Colonists had been represented by the government because they were part of the empire

Sugar Act 1764

• Taxed sugar and luxury items that were foreign 

  • Made to create revenue 

  • Strengthened the Navigation Act

Quartering Act 1765

Required Colonist to house & feed British soldiers

Stamp Act 1765

• Required revenue stamps were to be implemented in paper goods 

  • First direct tax collected from those who used goods and were paid by the colonies 

Patrick Henry

Virginian Lawyer

• Demanded the king to confirm citizens rights specifically the right not to be taxed without representation

Declaratory act 1766

Parliament has the right to tax and legislate the colonies that were done by approved officials

Sons & daughters of Liberty

A secret society made to intimidate tax agents

• a result from the stamp act

Townshend Act 1776

Money taxed from all imports (Money, tea glass) was to the crown and payed their own salaries 

+Search of homes(for smuggled goods)

How did the colonies respond to the Townshend Act

At first acceptance→ Ok if they had elected reps→Repeal all together

• NY and MA agreed to boycott most British goods until repealed

• 1770 Boston massacre : death of 5 colonists 

Boston Massacre

British soldiers were stationed in Boston and one day some of them got in a violent confrontation with the colonist resulting in the death of 5 colonist

Boston Tea Party

Colonists disguised themselves as Na and threw the tea overboard 

Tea Act

Gave the British comp a monopoly on American tea trade (told the colonist they could only buy that tea)

Results of the Tea Act

1. Boycotts and protest 

2. Ships with heir tea were not permitted entry 

3. Boston Tea Party 

4. Smaller tea Parties 

Intolerable Acts (coercive acts)

Made in anger of colonial resistance

• Closed Boston’s ports until their tea was paid for

• Massachusetts Gov Act reduced the power of the legislator while increasing the power of the royal gov

• Royal Officials were only to be trialed in GB

• Quartering act was expanded to all homes in all colonies

Quebec Act

Law organizing Canadian Lands

James Otis

Called for the Stamp act congress

Patrick Henry

Threatened king George indirectly by comparing to the death of other monarchs

Mercy Ortis Warren 

Tried to chronically do the events

Sam Adams

Organized programs of resistance

Enlightenment Ideas

• Deism

• Rationalism

• The social contract

What is Deism

The beliefs that God does not interfere in human affairs or set restrictions

What is Rationalism?

Thinkers trusted people to reason and understand the world and deal through difficulties

What is the Social Contract?

The idea between the people and the government, describing their rights

Thomas Paine 

An editor that was known for his radical views

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

Argued (stated) the colonies should become independent states and break Political ties with Britain monarchy 

Arguments in Common Sense

1. Mercantilism has become oppressive

2. Distance makes English rule absurd

3. England has politically mistreated the colonies 

4. Monarchies are outdated 

How the Declaration of Independence came to be

1. Richard Henry lee of Virginia calls for independence 

2. Congress appointed the Committees of Five to draft the declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson)

3. Jefferson relieved on John Locke's enlightenment ideas of social contract & natural rights 

4. Include 27 grievances (complaints) 

5. Signed July 4 of 1776

The First Continental Congress

Was a meeting of wealthy white men that responded to British threats (to their liberty)

Results of the First continental congress

• Suffolk Resolve

• Continental Association (enforce the economic side of the Suffolk resolve)

• Declared that Colonial rights were Not Recognized

Suffolk Resolve

Was passed in the first continental congress.

• Declared Boycotting of British goods if the Intolerable Acts were not taken down

Lexington & Concord April 1775

British troops marched from Boston to concord MA to seize and store of arms. Colonist gained word and sent minutemen to get ready. On the British way back to Boston they were attacked by the militia.

Bunker Hill June 1775

Colonial militia set up a fort at Bunker hill when the British attacked them they suffered many casualties

Second Continental Congress

Colonies were split 1 group (mainly NE) wanted independence 2group (middle) wanted negotiation

OUTCOME:

• Made colonies provide troops (under GW as chief)

• Navy & Marine corps was organized to take down British ships

Olive Branch Petition

An attempt to avoid war. Was sent by delegates (second congress) where the delegated would pledge their loyalty to the king. The king did not accept the idea.

British strengths in the revolutionary war

• greater resorces

• more people

• Wealthy economy (finance war)

• large & well trained army

• Most powerful navy

Patriots

Colonists who fought against GB

• the soldiers did not want to travel outside their region

Tories (Loyalists)

Those who were still in alliance with the king

• Fought with GB soldiers + supplied weapons & food

• Mostly wealthy (diff backgrounds)

• After the war many move to Canada or GB

Women’s role in the rev war

Supported efforts by running homes and businesses supplying troops and (pre war) organized boycotts

Native American role in the rev war

• Allied with the British

• Independent America was less beneficial for them 

• After the war they are left out of any peace negotiations 

African Americans role in the war

• Fought with the British at fist bc GB offered freedom then America did the same and fought for the other side

• Served 8x Longer

Battle of Saratoga 1777

After British failure France made a formal declaration that they would help the colonists

Alliance with France

Positive turning point. France did:

• Secretly provided money & supplies

• Widened the war making GHB use their military on other places 

Yorktown 1781

Last Major Battle of the Revolutionary War 

Washington's army forced the surrender of large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis 

Treaty of Paris 1783

• American Independence is officially recognized

• ALL and east of the Mississippi and north of FL was given to Americans 

• British forts had to evacuate 

• Americans pay debts + give loyalists their property back

Slave & Democracy after the war

North: Slavery ended 

South: Some let slaves free 

hoped that the slaves would go back to Africa after being free→ Labor was needed→ 1830 extended slavery

Voting rights after the war

Property owning qualification for voting was gradually removed from states

Abigail Adams in the war

wrote to her husband “remember the ladies” = unsuccessful

Republican Motherhood

Women’s new role in society:  instructing the children in the virtues of republicanism 

• Women still had no real rights/not equal

• Were educated to a certain level

• Home NOT public

Native Americans after the revolutionary war

were seen as obstacles to their growing of the nation and did not believe that they dessert liberty and equality 

Impact of the revolutionary war

Spread Ideas: 

• Right to self Government 

• All people were created equal 

• Individuals have untalkable rights 

International impact of the revolutionary war

• French Revolution where the monarchy was overthrown 

• Haitian revolution that ended slavery 

• Latin American Revolutions against European control 

State Constitutions

1. Listed rights that were untakable

2. Had a separation of powers

3. Voting was for white male property owners

4. Those who wanted office positions had to meet a higher property requirement than the voters

What is the separation of powers in State governments

Separated the power of the state

• Legislative powers (elected 2 house legislator)

• Executive powers (elected gov)

• Judicial powers (system of courts) 

  Safeguard for tyranny

Articles of Confederation had:

1. No executive branch (no president) 

2. No judicial branch (just congress) 

3. Need a unanimous vote to change the rules

4. The federal government has no power to tax the people directly (just states) 

Negatives of the Articles of Confederation

• Lack of respect from other nations

• Failure to rapy debts & post war downturn

• Internal conflict

  • states were against eachother

The Articles of Confederation could:

• Wage war 

• Make treaties 

• Send diplomats as reps 

• Borrow money 

The Articles of Confederation could not:

• Regulate commerce 

• Collect taxes 

  • Led to them relying on state taxes 

• Enforce laws 

Accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation

• Independence

• Land Ordinance of 1785

• Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Northwest Ordinance 

Accomplishment of AOC

• Congress established a policy for surveying and selling the western lands 

  • Set aside land for edu

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 

Accomplishment of AOC

•  land of the great lakes to the Ohio river had a law for the new states that gave limited self government to the people of the land & prohibited slavery in the land 

Shays Rebellion

Bunch of Farmers unable to pay their debts lost their farms and rioted (led by Shay) Stopped the collection of taxes and forced the closing of debtor’s courts. The rebellion was broken by the state militia of MA→ Shays was sentenced to death

Who was Shay

 A Massachusetts farmer and rev war veteran

Impact of Shays Rebellion

As a movement the rebellion it FAILED BUT it urged the need of a Stronger Constitution