Chapter 6 Identity and Personality

Self-Concept

some of ways we describe ourselves

Self-Concept Examples

past self, present self, future self

Identities

individual components of our self conception related to groups we belong

Identity Examples

religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity and nationality

Self-Esteem

our evaluation of ourselves

Types of Selves

actual, ideal, ought

Ideal Self

who we want to be

Ought Self

who others want us to be

Self-Efficacy

degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation

Learned Helplessness

state of hopelessness and resignation, resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli

Locus of Control

self evaluation that refers to way we characterize the influences in our lives

Internal Locus of Control

see successes and failures as a result of own characteristics and actions

External Locus of Control

perceive outside factors, as having more of an influence in their lives

Libido

sex or life drive

Fixation

overindulgence or frustration during development

Freud’s Psychological Phases

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Oral Phase Age

0-1

Oral Phase

gratification from putting things in mouth, biting, sucking

What do orally fixated adults exhibit?

excessive dependency

Anal Phase Age

1-3

Anal Phase

gratification gained through elimination and retention of waste materials

What do anally fixated adults exhibit?

excessive orderliness or sloppiness

Phallic Phase Age

3-5

Phallic Phase in Men

envy fathers intimate relationship with mother and internalize moral values, focus on school work, or collect objects

Phallic Phase in Women

exhibit less female behavior and be less morally developed

Latency Phase Age

lasts until puberty is reached

Latency Phase

libido sublimated

Genital Phase Age

puberty-adulthood

If the Freudian Stages are successful, what relationship does an individual have?

healthy heterosexual relationships

If the Freudian Stages are unsuccessful, what relationship does an individual have?

homosexual, asexual, fetishs

Erickson Stages of Development

8 stages of personality development

Trust vs Mistrust Ages

0-1

Trust vs Mistrust Successful

child trusts environment and self

Trust vs Mistrust Unsuccessful

child suspicious of world

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Age

1-3

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Successful

feeling able to exert control over world and exercise choice as self restraint

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Unsuccessful

sense of doubt and persistent, external locus of control

Initiative vs Guilt Age

3-6

Initiative vs Guilt Successful

sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment

Initiative vs Guilt Unsuccessful

overcome by fear of punishment, may restrict self, or overcompensate by showing off

Industry vs Inferiority Age

6-12

Industry vs Inferiority Successful

feel competent, able to exercise, abilities, and intelligence in the world, affect, world and way child desires

Industry vs Inferiority Unsuccessful

sense of inadequacy, sense of an ability to act in a competent manner, low self-esteem

Identity vs Role Confusion Age

12-20

Identity vs Role Confusion Successful

fidelity, ability to see oneself as unique, an integrated personal sustained loyalties

Identity vs Role Confusion Unsuccessful

confusion about one’s identity, amorphous personality that shifts from day to day

Intimacy vs Isolation Age

20-40

Intimacy vs Isolation Successful

love, ability to have intimate relationships, ability to commit oneself to another person, and two ones on goals

Intimacy vs Isolation Unsuccessful

avoidance of commitment, alienation, distancing, oneself from others and one’s ideas

Generativity vs Stagnation Age

40-65

Generativity vs Stagnation Successful

capable of being a productive, caring, contributing member of society

Generativity vs Stagnation Unsuccessful

sense of stagnation, may become self-indulgent, board, self-centered

Integrity vs Despair Age

65+

Integrity vs Despair Successful

wisdom, assurance and meaning of life, dignity, acceptance of fact that one’s life has been worthwhile, readiness to face death

Integrity vs Despair Unsuccessful

bitterness about life, feeling that life has been worthless, fear over death

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Preconventional Stage of Moral Development Age and Traits

preadolescence, obedience and self interest

Conventional Stage of Moral Development Age and Traits

adolescence to adulthood, conformity and law and order

Postconventional Stage of Moral Development Age and Traits

adulthood, social contract and universal human ethics

Zone Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

skills child has not yet mastered in require more knowledgeable other to accomplish

What do children do first in initiation and role taking?

reproduce behaviors of role models

What do children do later in initiation and role taking?

learn to see perspectives of others and practice, taking on new roles

Reference Group

group which we compare ourselves

Psychoanalytic Perspective

views personality, as resulting from unconscious, urges and desires

Personality Types

Id, ego, superego

Id

base urges to survive and reproduce

Pleasure Principal

aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve pent up tension

Primary Process

Id’s response to frustration (satisfaction now not later)

Wish Fulfillment

mental imagery (daydreaming, fantasy)

Ego

unconscious mind that mediates urges of I and super ego

Secondary Process

ego guides/inhibits activity of id and pleasure principle

Superego

personality perfectionist

Preconscious

thoughts we are not currently aware of

Unconscious

thoughts that have been repressed

Defense Mechanisms

repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation

Repression

unconsciously, removing idea or feeling from consciousness

Suppression

consciously removing idea or feeling from consciousness

Regression

returning to earlier stage of development

Reaction Formation

unacceptable impulses transformed into opposite

Projection

attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else

Rationalization

justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

Displacement

changing target of emotion while feelings remain the same

Sublimation

channeling of unacceptable urges in socially acceptable direction

Collective Unconscious

shared among all humans, and considered to be residue of experiences of early ancestors

Persona

mask we wear in public

Anima

feminine, suppressed female qualities in males

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Animus

masculine, suppressed male qualities in females

Shadow

responsible for appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible, thoughts, feelings, actions, and consciousness

Self

intersection between collective, unconscious, personal unconscious, conscious mind

Three Dichotomies of Personality

extraversion vs intraversion, sensing vs intuiting, thinking vs reality

Adler and Horney Claim

conscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges

Humanistic Perspective

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self realization

Ancient Greek Notion of Humors

personality types based on humerus or body, fluids, imbalance of which could lead to various personality disorders

Ancient Greek Notion of Humors Blood Symbol

air

Ancient Greek Notion of Humors Yellow Bile Symbol

fire

Ancient Greek Notion of Humors Black Bile Symbol

earth

Ancient Greek Notion of Humors Phlegm Symbol

water

Sheldon’s Somatotype of Short, Stocky People

they are jolly

Sheldon’s Somatotype of Tall People

they are high strung and aloof

Sheldon’s Somatotype of Average Height People

they are stronger and well-adjusted