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What is Kinship?
Kinship - A system of social relatedness in a specific culture
Usually based on social relationships:
Mating and birth
Nurturance
Bodily Substance (Blood, milk genes) (Usually this one)
Spiritual (Soul, nurturance, love)
True or False: Kinship can mean blood relations but not always based on biology
True
What is Consanguinity?
Consanguinity - Being related by blood, often includes incest taboo, can vary depending on how much each parent 'contributes' (Sometimes men are seen as not contributing much)
What is Affinial?
Affinal - Kinship through marriage, 'in laws', often the joining of two families not just individuals
What is Spiritual Kinship?
Spiritual - Kinship based in spirituality (eg. Godparents in Christianity)
What is Social/Fictive Kinship?
Social/Fictive - Different social roles of importance, often seen as every other type of kinshipWha
What is Descent?
Social categories defined through culturally recognized parent child connections
What are Descent Groups?
Descent Groups - Defined by ancestry, parent child relationships transmit group identity and incorporate new members
What is Bilateral Descent?
Bilateral Descent - Equally related through mother and fathers side of the family, creates bilateral kindred
What is Bilateral Kindred?
Bilateral Kindred - Created by bilateral descent, all people linked to individual through mother and fathers side
What is Unilateral Descent?
Unilateral Descent - Related through either mother or fathers side. Creates lineages
What are Lineages?
Lineages - Members can specify the parent child links that connect them, created by unilateral descent
What is Patrilineage?
Patrilineage - People connected through father-child links, most common
What is Matrilineage?
Matrilineage - People connected through mother- child links
What is a Clan?
Clan - Wider group can contain several lineages, believe they are related even though links cannot be specified
What is Monogamous Marriage?
Monogamous Marriage - Between 2 people, most common, typically a man and women but can be same sex
What is Polygamous Marriage?
Polygamous Marriage - One person has 2+ spouses
What are the 2 types of polygamy?
Polygny - A type of polygamy, one man with multiple wives
Polyandry - A type of Polygamy, one woman with multiple husbands
What are Group Marriages?
Group Marriages - Also known as polyamory, multiple spouses married to each other, rarest form
What is the Incest Taboo?
Incest Taboo - Rare universal thing in Anthro, who you cannot marry because they are related to you, who is related to you is interpreted differently across cultures tho
What is Exogamy?
Exogamy - Marriage partners must come from different groups (race, class, status, general vibes)
What is Endogamy?
Endogamy - Marriage partners must come from the same group, not common in small groups (Incest problems)
What is Neolocal?
Neolocal - Newlyweds live in their own household, common in the west but rare overall
What is Matrilocal?
Matrilocal - Couple lives with wife's family group
What is Patrilocal?
Patrilocal - Couple lives with husbands family group
What is Marriage Compensation?
Marriage compensation - Family has to provide compensation to the other family, usually the one who loses a member gets compensation
What is Bride Price?
Bride Price - Patrilocal marriages, grooms family gives compensation to brides family
What is Bride Service?
Bride Service - Patrilocal marriages, groom provides work or service to the brides family
What is a Dowry?
Dowry - Matrilocal marriages but also patrilocal/neolocal (Cuz sexism) , Brides family gives compensation to grooms family
What is Worldview?
Worldview - Learned shared cultural assumptions about how the world is, encompassing picture of reality
What are the 2 common ways worldview is researched?
metaphors and symbols
True or False: Early Anthro belief of worldview - Labelled as irrational beliefs
True
What is a metaphor?
Metaphor - Emphasize certain aspects of experience, commonly used, can reveal a lot about worldview
eg. How we think of sickness as a battle, we fight a cold
What are body metaphors"?
Metaphors that include body parts
eg. shoulder of the road
What are Symbols?
Symbols - Symbols and symbolic actions, a display of the present worldview, rituals are an example of this
What are Ways of Knowing?
Ways of Knowing - Different worldviews build different ways of knowing, indigenous ways of knowing
What is Magic?
Magic - Seen as the practical use of the supernatural, control aspects of the world for specific purposes
What is Supernatural?
Supernatural - Beyond the natural, broader range of belief systems
What is Religion?
Religion - Typically includes belief in supernatural, guided by myths, uses rituals and symbols, specific organized religions
What was the historical anthro study of religion?
Historical Anthro Study of religion - Originally studied magic and its application in smaller groups of people
Who is James Frazer?
James Frazer - Evolutionist, study into magic and religion
3 stages of development: Magic, Religion, Science
Magic: to control what happens, an incorrect science
Imitative: Based on principle that like produces like (Voodoo dolls)
Contact: Principle that things and person that were once in contact can influence each other (Using a lock of someone's hair or clothing)
What were Frazer’s 2 types of magic?
Imitative: Based on principle that like produces like (Voodoo dolls)
Contact: Principle that things and person that were once in contact can influence each other (Using a lock of someone's hair or clothing)
What are the 5 Functions of Religion?
Creating community
Instilling values
Renewing Faith - Through practicing rituals individuals renew their faith
Providing Reasons - Religion can give an explanation of the world and why it works a certain way
Solving Problems - People often turn to religion when they have a problem, many rituals have specific problem solving purposes
What is a Myth?
Myth - Stories that explain events and highlight values and appropriate behaviours, can be true or untrue, Provide a guide on how to live, considered a form of verbal art
What are the 2 types of myths?
Creation Myths - How the world was created
Ancestor Myths - How our group came to be
What is a Doctrine?
Doctrine - Religious beliefs expressed through formal and written statements, concerning the supernatural, codified
What are rituals and what are the 4 criteria?
Rituals - Symbolic Practices that are ordered and regularly repeated, can be elaborate or simple, not necessarily religious
4 Criteria
It is repetitive and scripted
Set apart from everyday life
Adheres to a characteristic/culturally defined schema
Connected to specific set of ideas encoded in myth
What are Rites of passage and the 3 phases?
Rites of Passage - Important rituals, changing of status, can be religious or not
3 Phases
Separation: From social position and normal time
Liminality (transition): Neither part of the old or new
Aggregation (Incorporation): Introduction of individual into new social position
What is Syncretism?
Syncretism - Multiple belief systems in a culture, can be religious or world views
What is the difference between Supernatural Beings and forces?
Supernatural Beings - Personified or embodied gods, spirits, ghosts, demons
Supernatural Forces - Disembodied powers, can bring good or bas luck
What are Deities?
Deities - Gods and goddesses, common in hierarchical societies
What is the difference between polytheism and monotheism?
Polytheism - Many gods in a belief system
Monotheism - One god in a belief system
What are Ancestral Spirits?
Ancestral Sprits - Ancestral veneration, Mexican, Chinese
What is the difference between Animism and Animatism?
Spirits of Nature (Animism) - Beings, Spirits inhabit natural objects, supernatural forces reside in everyday things (Jinn from the Witcher)
Animatism - Forces, forces inhabit natural objects
What are Priests and Priestesses?
Priests and Priestesses - Full time religious practitioners, often found in stratifies societies, carry out requires religious rituals as well as additional duties for the community (Feeding the poor)
What are Shamans?
Shamans - Religious practitioners who specialize in communicating with spirits, ancestors and deities, can be part time, make contact with spirit world a variety of ways: prayers, chants, songs, rituals, sacrifice, Trance
Who is Evans Pritchard?
Evans Pritchard
Describes Azande witchcraft beliefs and practice
Witchcraft is a rational system and not random superstitions
Mangu: Bodily substance of witches
Disease and misfortune explained by witchcraft
Only way was to fight back with magic, consulting oracles to seek out witches
Often targeted those who lived outside of social norms
What is the difference between the definition of sustainability and actual sustainability?
Sustainability - Ability to keep something in existence, to support or continue a practice indefinitely
Actual Sustainability - Practices that ensure wellbeing of people today and in the future
What are the 3 Pillars of Sustainability?
3 Pillars of Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability - Ability for the environment to regenerate, humans should protect the environment
Social Sustainability - Ability for social systems to provide for the needs of their people, equality, diversity, human rights
Economic Sustainability - Ability for economy to support growth while ensuring quality of life for all members of society
What is the Concentric Model of Sustainability?
Concentric Model of Sustainability - Another way to look at sustainability, Social ad economic in the middle with environment all encompassing
What is Political Ecology?
Political Ecology - Examines relationships between environment, economics and politics
What are Traditional Ecological Knowledge Studies?
Traditional Ecological Knowledge studies - Collective knowledge a group of people has acquired by living in a specific ecosystem
What is Eco Fascism?
Eco Fascism - Thanos type shit, sacrifice humans to safe the environment, humans are poison
What is Medical Anthropology?
Medical Anthropology - Focuses on health and healing, cultural ideas about illness and healing, what does it mean to be healthy differs culturally
What is the difference between Disease and Illness?
Disease - Clinically identifiable entity
Illness - Set of social and cultural understandings about a particular set of symptoms
What is Biomedicine?
Biomedicine - Lab experimentation, clinical trials, very focused on disease (pathogens), less emphasis on patient care and holism
What is Ethnomedicine?
Ethnomedicine - Various forms (Traditional Chinese medicine, Ayruveda, indigenous healing systems), unifying principle is the holistic approach and attention given to the patient
What is the Holistic Approach?
Holistic Approach - Everything in the body needs to be balanced or disease occurs
What is the Anthropology of Science?
Anthropology of Science - Anthropology of science, technology and the environment, studies science and scientific ideas
What are the 5 topics in Anthropology of Science?
Topics
Why are some ideas accepted or rejected
Who does science, who is given the resources to do it
Gender in science
Indigenous knowledge systems
Prominent Anti science ideas
Rite of passage was coined by whom?
Arnold Van gennep
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