STS MIDTERMS

What is an intellectual revolution?

An intellectual revolution occurs when a new idea radically transforms society's understanding of reality, replacing the entire mental framework.

What is a paradigm shift?

A paradigm shift is the process of one paradigm being replaced by another, usually because the old paradigm can no longer explain new observations or problems.

What does the term 'paradigm' refer to?

A paradigm refers to a model, framework, or worldview that a community uses to understand and interpret things.

How do intellectual revolutions typically face resistance?

They face resistance because they threaten existing beliefs, institutions, and power structures.

What are the three revolutions discussed in this review?

The Copernican Revolution, the Darwinian Revolution, and the Freudian Revolution.

What was the geocentric model?

The geocentric model, proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, posited that the Earth is motionless at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets orbiting it.

Who proposed the heliocentric model?

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, which states that the Sun is at the center of the universe, and Earth and other planets revolve around it.

What is the significance of Copernicus' work?

Copernicus' work challenged the geocentric model and established that truth should be based on evidence rather than tradition or authority.

What did Galileo contribute to the Copernican Revolution?

Galileo provided telescopic evidence supporting the heliocentric model, which included observations like the moons of Jupiter.

What was the impact of the Copernican Revolution on scientific thought?

It helped launch the Scientific Revolution and permanently changed humanity's understanding of its place in the universe.

What is the Darwinian Revolution?

The Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, challenging the belief that species are fixed and unchanging.

What did Darwin's theory suggest about species?

Darwin's theory suggested that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, adapting to their environments.

What is the difference between a paradigm and a theory?

A paradigm is a broad worldview, while a theory is a specific explanation for a phenomenon within that paradigm.

What does 'geocentric' mean?

Geocentric means Earth-centered, referring to the old model of the universe.

What does 'heliocentric' mean?

Heliocentric means Sun-centered, referring to the model proposed by Copernicus.

What is an epicycle?

An epicycle is a small circle used in Ptolemy's geocentric model to explain retrograde motion of planets.

What was the Church's stance on the Copernican model?

The Church initially opposed the Copernican model as it contradicted their teachings about humanity's special place in creation.

What was the outcome of Galileo's support for the heliocentric model?

Galileo was tried by the Roman Inquisition for heresy due to his support for the heliocentric model.

What is the role of evidence in scientific inquiry?

Evidence is crucial in scientific inquiry as it forms the basis for establishing truths and challenging established beliefs.

What does the term 'natural selection' refer to?

Natural selection refers to the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

What does the term 'fixed species' imply?

The term 'fixed species' implies that species do not change over time and were created as they currently exist.

How did the Copernican Revolution affect navigation?

The Copernican Revolution improved scientific understanding and practical knowledge, especially in astronomy and navigation.

What is the significance of the phrase 'common sense' in the context of intellectual revolutions?

It refers to the eventual acceptance of new ideas as the norm after they challenge and replace outdated beliefs.

What is the purpose of the ELI5 boxes in the reviewer?

The ELI5 boxes explain complex concepts in the simplest possible terms for better understanding.

What is the purpose of the 'Don't Mix These Up' boxes?

They clarify terms that sound or look alike to prevent confusion.

Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Charles Darwin

What is the title of Darwin's seminal work published in 1859?

On the Origin of Species

What does the theory of evolution by natural selection propose?

Species change over time and today's species descended from earlier, different species.

What is the key mechanism of evolution according to Darwin?

Natural selection

What are the four elements of natural selection?

Variation, overproduction, struggle for existence, differential survival and reproduction.

What does 'survival of the fittest' mean in the context of natural selection?

Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

What is the idea of common descent?

All life on Earth shares a common ancestor if traced back far enough.

How did Darwin's theory challenge the belief about species?

It challenged the idea that species were fixed and unchanging creations.

What is Social Darwinism?

A misuse of Darwin's ideas to justify social inequality and discrimination.

Who coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest'?

Herbert Spencer

What was Sigmund Freud's main contribution to psychology?

He proposed that much of human behavior is driven by unconscious processes.

What analogy did Freud use to describe the mind?

He compared the mind to an iceberg, with most of it hidden underwater.

What are the three levels of the mind according to Freud?

Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

What does the Id represent in Freud's structure of personality?

The primitive, instinctive part of the mind seeking immediate gratification.

What is the role of the Ego in Freud's theory?

It balances the desires of the Id with the realities of the environment.

What does the Superego represent?

Morality, conscience, and internalized social rules.

What is psychoanalysis?

A theory and method of therapy that seeks to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness.

Why was Freud's theory considered revolutionary?

It proposed that behavior is shaped by unconscious forces and emphasized childhood experiences.

What long-term effects did Freud claim childhood experiences have?

They shape adult personality and behavior.

What central themes did Freud place at the core of human psychology?

Emotions and sexuality.

How did Freud's work change the perception of mental health?

It insisted that mental health deserves serious scientific attention.

What is the difference between evolution and natural selection?

Evolution is the observation of species change; natural selection is the mechanism driving that change.

What is the distinction between Darwinism and Social Darwinism?

Darwinism is the biological theory; Social Darwinism is a misuse of that theory for political purposes.

What does Freud's Iceberg Theory illustrate?

The visible mind (conscious) is only a small part of the larger unconscious mind.

How did Darwin's theory influence fields outside of biology?

It influenced medicine, agriculture, and views on human origins.

What is the significance of the phrase 'survival of the fittest' in evolutionary theory?

It describes how advantageous traits lead to greater reproductive success.

What was one of the societal impacts of Freud's theories?

It changed the fields of psychology and psychotherapy permanently.

What major fields did Freud's work permanently change?

Psychology and psychotherapy.

How did Freud influence literature and art?

Many creative works borrow Freudian concepts like the unconscious or dream symbolism.

What societal change did Freud normalize?

Open discussion of sexuality and mental/emotional life.

What is the conscious mind compared to in the iceberg analogy?

The tip of the iceberg that is visible above water.

What does the unconscious mind represent in Freud's analogy?

The large hidden chunk of ice beneath the water, full of old memories and urges.

What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What does the Id represent?

The impulse-driven part that wants immediate gratification.

What role does the Ego play in Freud's model?

It mediates between the Id and Superego to find realistic solutions.

What is the difference between unconscious and subconscious?

Unconscious is Freud's term; subconscious is a popular-culture term often used loosely.

What is the definition of Science?

The systematic study of the natural and physical world through observation and experimentation.

What is the definition of Technology?

The application of scientific knowledge to create tools, processes, and systems that solve problems.

Describe the relationship between Science and Technology.

Society demands more from Science → Science informs Technology → Technology improves life for Society.

How does Science improve society?

By advancing knowledge and education, and addressing global challenges.

What did the Sumerians develop?

The earliest known writing system: cuneiform.

What innovations did the Sumerians create for food production?

Plowing, irrigation, dikes, and the wheel.

What is the significance of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?

It is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

What mathematical advancements did the Babylonians achieve?

They developed trigonometry and timekeeping methods still used today.

What famous artifacts did the Egyptians leave behind?

The Pyramid of Giza and the death mask of Tutankhamun.

What writing system did the Egyptians invent?

Hieroglyphics.

What key contributions did Greek Civilization make?

Philosophy, mathematics, and engineering.

What is the Roman Empire known for in terms of law?

The model for how to write and make laws, influencing modern legal systems.

What engineering achievements are attributed to the Roman Empire?

Aqueducts, coliseums, and basilicas.

What significant inventions did the Chinese Civilization contribute?

Silk trade, tea production, gunpowder, and the compass.

What is the difference between Science and Engineering?

Science focuses on understanding; Engineering focuses on designing and building.

How did the ancient civilizations contribute to modern society?

Each civilization invented different foundational tools and concepts that shaped future developments.

What were the primary practical needs driving medieval developments?

Weapons and navigation, health and medicine, trade and transportation, food and agricultural production.

Who improved the printing press in the mid-1400s?

Johann Gutenberg

What was a major impact of the printing press?

It allowed books to be produced faster and in greater numbers, increasing access to written works and driving literacy.

What invention did Zacharias Janssen create?

The first compound microscope.

What was the significance of the Age of Exploration?

Advances in navigation, shipbuilding, and mapmaking allowed European explorers to chart unknown territories and establish new trade routes.

What process did Louis Pasteur discover?

Pasteurization, which involves heating milk to kill harmful bacteria.

What invention did Alexander Graham Bell create?

The telephone, enabling real-time long-distance communication.

What are some contemporary developments in science and technology?

Social media, artificial intelligence, space exploration, advances in pharmaceuticals, and urbanization.

What was the primary agricultural technique used in the pre-colonial Philippines?

Rice terraces and kaingin (slash-and-burn farming).

What significant educational institution was established during Spanish colonization?

The University of Santo Tomas in 1611.

What was a major focus during the American regime in the Philippines?

Establishment of a public school system and promotion of science and vocational education.

What happened to scientific research during Japanese colonization?

It declined sharply as resources were diverted to the war effort.

What key agencies evolved in the post-colonial period of Philippine S&T?

NSDB (1958), NAST, and DOST (1987).

What priority programs were launched in the post-colonial period?

Agriculture, biotechnology, health sciences, disaster risk reduction, ICT, renewable energy, space science, and AI.

What was the role of traditional medicine in pre-colonial Philippines?

It involved using medicinal plants and herbal remedies.

What was a significant infrastructure development during Spanish colonization?

Construction of roads, bridges, churches, forts, and water systems.

What was established in 1901 that focused on science in the Philippines?

The Bureau of Science.

What was the impact of the American regime on public health?

Improved public health through vaccination, sanitation, and disease control programs.

What was the focus of education during the Japanese colonization?

Schools were reoriented to focus on Japanese language and culture.

What is the significance of the Philippine satellites launched in the post-colonial period?

They represent advancements in space science and technology.

What was the purpose of the printing press compared to the microscope?

The printing press solved a communication problem, while the microscope addressed health and science issues.

What is the difference between pasteurization and vaccination?

Pasteurization is a food-safety process, while vaccination is a medical process to train the immune system.

What traditional navigation methods were used in pre-colonial Philippines?

Astronomy-based knowledge for navigation, farming, and fishing.