Categorizing an item in a set or class that has one and only one member.
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Hearsay
Testimony that is given by a witness who relates not what he or she knows personally, but what others have said, and that is therefore dependent on the credibility of someone other than the witness.
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Assumption of Uniqueness
The ________ in space is an inherently non- provable situation.
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Coincidental Associations
Two things which previously have never been in contact with each other have items on them which are analytically indistinguishable at a certain class level.
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Identification
________- the examination of the chemical and physical properties of an object and using them to categorize the object as a member of a group.
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Prima facie evidence
Evidence that will establish a fact or sustain a judgment unless contradictory evidence is produced.
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Evidence
________ is critical to a trial; it provides the foundation for the arguments the attorneys plan to offer.
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Contamination
An undesired transfer of information between items of evidence.
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Questioned Evidence
Evidence that has unknown sources.
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Scientific method
Proposing and refining of plausible explanations about any unknown situation.
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Comparison
Done to try to establish the source of evidence.
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Controls
Materials whose source is known and which are used for comparison with unknown evidence.
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Locard Exchange Principle
It states that information is transferred when two things come into contact.
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Conclusive evidence
Evidence so strong as to overbear any other evidence to the contrary
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Conflicting evidence
Irreconcilable evidence that comes from different sources
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Corroborating evidence
Evidence that differs from but strengthens or confirms other evidence
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Derivative evidence
Evidence that is discovered as a result of illegally obtained evidence and is therefore inadmissible because of the primary taint
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Exculpatory evidence
Evidence tending to establish a criminal defendants innocence
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Foundational evidence
Evidence that determines the admissibility of other evidence
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Incriminating evidence
Evidence tending to establish guilt or from which a fact trier can infer guilt
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Presumptive evidence
Evidence deemed true and sufficient unless discredited by other evidence
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Probative evidence
Evidence that tends to prove or disprove a point in issue
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Rebuttal evidence
Evidence offered to disprove or contradict the evidence presented by an opposing party
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Tainted evidence
Evidence that is inadmissible because it was directly or indirectly obtained by illegal means
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Direct Transfer
Evidence that is transferred from a source to a location with no intermediaries
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Cross transfer
A Locard's principle, which states that every contact leaves its trace, whether that be someone entering or leaving a scene or someone leaves or picking up evidence
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Known Evidence
Evidence that is known where the sample originated
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Type I Error
Serious errors because they can cause a person to be falsely incriminated in a crime
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Type II Error
Not really serious errors, which means that a person may be falsely exonerated from a crime that he or she really did commit
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