Individualization
Categorizing an item in a set or class that has one and only one member.
Hearsay
Testimony that is given by a witness who relates not what he or she knows personally, but what others have said, and that is therefore dependent on the credibility of someone other than the witness.
Assumption of Uniqueness
The ________ in space is an inherently non- provable situation.
Coincidental Associations
Two things which previously have never been in contact with each other have items on them which are analytically indistinguishable at a certain class level.
Identification
________- the examination of the chemical and physical properties of an object and using them to categorize the object as a member of a group.
Prima facie evidence
Evidence that will establish a fact or sustain a judgment unless contradictory evidence is produced.
Evidence
________ is critical to a trial; it provides the foundation for the arguments the attorneys plan to offer.
Contamination
An undesired transfer of information between items of evidence.
Questioned Evidence
Evidence that has unknown sources.
Scientific method
Proposing and refining of plausible explanations about any unknown situation.
Comparison
Done to try to establish the source of evidence.
Controls
Materials whose source is known and which are used for comparison with unknown evidence.
Locard Exchange Principle
It states that information is transferred when two things come into contact.
Conclusive evidence
Evidence so strong as to overbear any other evidence to the contrary
Conflicting evidence
Irreconcilable evidence that comes from different sources
Corroborating evidence
Evidence that differs from but strengthens or confirms other evidence
Derivative evidence
Evidence that is discovered as a result of illegally obtained evidence and is therefore inadmissible because of the primary taint
Exculpatory evidence
Evidence tending to establish a criminal defendants innocence
Foundational evidence
Evidence that determines the admissibility of other evidence
Incriminating evidence
Evidence tending to establish guilt or from which a fact trier can infer guilt
Presumptive evidence
Evidence deemed true and sufficient unless discredited by other evidence
Probative evidence
Evidence that tends to prove or disprove a point in issue
Rebuttal evidence
Evidence offered to disprove or contradict the evidence presented by an opposing party
Tainted evidence
Evidence that is inadmissible because it was directly or indirectly obtained by illegal means
Direct Transfer
Evidence that is transferred from a source to a location with no intermediaries
Cross transfer
A Locard's principle, which states that every contact leaves its trace, whether that be someone entering or leaving a scene or someone leaves or picking up evidence
Known Evidence
Evidence that is known where the sample originated
Type I Error
Serious errors because they can cause a person to be falsely incriminated in a crime
Type II Error
Not really serious errors, which means that a person may be falsely exonerated from a crime that he or she really did commit
Hypothesis
Particular questions are tested