ILLUSORY CORRELATION & IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES

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Founder of Illusory Correlation and Implicit Personality Theories

Loren Chapman & Jean Chapman

Their Legacy 

  • Debunking flawed clinical practices.

  • Advancing the study of illusory correlation and cognitive bias.

  • Contributions to schizophrenia research.

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Definition of Illusory Correlation

We are predisposed to see particular events or attributes and categories as going together, even when they do not.

In the case of Chapman and Chapman, illusory correlation was

demonstrated in the influence of psychiatric diagnoses based on

projective tests

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Why Illusory Correlation happens

COGNITIVE BIAS

mental shortcuts that can distort how we interpret information.

with illusory correlation, people overestimate links between traits and behaviors based on pre-existing beliefs.

CONFIRMATION BIAS

when people focus on information that supports what they already believe and ignore anything that contradicts it 

helps maintain illusory correlations.

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How it affects diagnosis

SYSTMATIC ERROR

STREOTYPING

OVERGENERALIZATION

Clinicians may rely on intuition rather than evidence-based practices

Clinicians often associate physical traits with personality characteristics

Clinicians draw broad conclusions from limited information