FINAL Kinesiology Exam Review

Axial skeleton

Consists of 80 bones including the skull and vertebral column.

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of 126 bones including the limbs and pelvic girdle.

Long bone

Bone found in the arms and legs, for example, the femur.

Short bone

Bone found in the wrists and ankles, for example, carpal bones.

Flat bone

Flat and thin bone that protects vital organs, for example, bones of the skull.

Irregular bones

Oddly shaped bones, such as those found in the vertebrae.

Sesamoid bones

Bones wrapped within tendons, for example, the patella.

Hemopoiesis

Formation of blood cells by the red bone marrow.

Myofibril

Structural unit of a muscle fiber, surrounded by the sarcolemma.

Calcium (Ca)

Mineral stored in bones; regulates blood calcium levels.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon.

Atrophy

Decrease in muscle size due to lack of use or other factors.

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle size resulting from increased use.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.

Golgi Tendon Organs

Receptors located on the ends of tendons that detect increased tension.

Muscle Spindles

Receptors located within muscle bellies that detect changes in muscle length.

Systolic Pressure

Pressure in your arteries when your heart beats and pumps blood.

VO2max

Maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during intense exercise.

Platelets

Blood cells that regulate blood clotting.

Striated muscles

Muscles that have a striped appearance under the microscope.

Bursae

Fibrous sacs containing synovial fluid, found at friction points.

Synovial membrane

Membrane that produces synovial fluid, allowing nutrients in.

Extension

Straightening a joint to increase the angle between two body parts.

Pronation

Forearm rotation so that the palm faces downward.

Eccentric contraction

Type of muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens while generating force.

Agonist

The muscle that is primarily responsible for a specific movement.

Anaerobic Threshold

Percentage of VO2 max at which one can exercise without producing lactic acid.

Impulse-momentum relationship

The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity.

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood that can be circulated per minute; calculated as SV x HR.

Aerobic System

Uses glucose, glycogen, fats, proteins to produce ATP, by-products are CO2 and water.

Isotonic contraction

A contraction where the muscle changes length, such as during most movements.

Joint capsule

Fibrous enclosure surrounding a synovial joint.