Sociology Midterm

sociological imagination

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ to refer to the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

Social equality and reform

In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau strongly advocates __________.

True

Sociology is considered a systematic study because sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods to examinations of social behavior.

systematic study of human society and social interaction

Sociology is the __________.

True

The sociological imagination helps an individual place personal troubles, such as losing his or her job or feeling like committing suicide, into a larger social context, where the individual can distinguish whether and how personal troubles may be related to public issues.

Patriarchy

According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."

is intended by the participants in a social unit

Robert K. Merton defined a manifest function as one that __________.

Power elite

C. Wright Mills used the term __________ to refer to a small clique composed of top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society.

Power and prestige

Both Karl Marx and Max Weber were in agreement that economic conditions played a role in producing inequality in society. However, Max Weber also suggested two other sources of social inequality and conflict. These sources are __________.

Proletariat

In the Marxian framework, the __________ consists of those who sell their labor because they have no other way to earn a living.

Urbanization

__________ refers to the process by which an increasing number of people live in cities rather than rural areas.

Esteem support

A functionalist study has determined that __________ is the most important factor in whether Air Force personnel experience severe suicidal ideation.

Global interdependence

__________ refers to a relationship in which the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems have an impact on other nations as well.

Social Darwinism

The term __________ refers to the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted die out.

Expressive tasks

Functionalist Talcott Parsons suggested that complementary roles of men and women in the family contribute to social stability. The wife/mother performs the __________, which include housework, caring for the children, and providing emotional support for the entire family .

Class

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the position of a person or group within a set of hierarchical social categories based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

Anomie

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

application of commonsense or everyday understandings

Which of the following is not part of the sociological approach to the study of society and social interaction?

Size of the social group

German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differ between a dyad and a triad.

Means of production

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.

Genders

The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.

Personal trouble

Emile Durkheim refused to accept that suicide is merely a(n) __________.

personal trouble; public issue

One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.

He disagreed with Marx's idea that economics is the central force in social change.

Which of the following statements is true of the beliefs of German social scientist Max Weber?

Race

__________ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on their physical characteristics such as skin color.

value contradictions

The term __________ refers to values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one value makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.

value; norm

The belief of a group of people of a distinct race that their culture is superior to other cultures is an example of a __________, but the law that prohibits people from showing discrimination against others on the basis of race is an example of a __________.

Prescriptive norms

__________ state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

taboos

The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.

Society

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to a large social grouping that occupies the same geographic territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

Mores

__________ are strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that, if violated, may result in serious consequences within a particular culture.

Material culture

__________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.

A society is composed of people, whereas a culture is composed of the ideas and behavior of those people and the shared meanings among them.

Which of the following is a key difference between a society and a culture?

cultural and ethnic diversity

Which of the following is not one of the ten core American values identified by sociologist Robin Williams?

True

A sociologist who believes that culture helps people achieve their biological, instrumental, and integrative needs is most likely to believe that shared values are essential for the maintenance of a society.

there would be no shared meanings among people in the absence of symbols

Culture could not exist without symbols because __________.

Cultural lag

All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is a gap between the technical development of a society and its moral and legal institutions.

A cultural universe

People in all societies believe in the social institution of religion. As a result, the general practices related to religion are present in all cultures. In this context, religion is an example of __________.

Cultural diversity

__________ refers to the wide range of cultural differences found between and within nations. It may be the result of natural or social circumstances.

True

Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter had been in use for many years before laws related to the privacy and ownership of user information came into effect. This demonstrates the concept of cultural lag.

culture channels the expression of human reflexes

All members of a society usually use a paper napkin and turn their heads away from others when sneezing. This appropriate way of sneezing followed by the members of the society shows that __________.

nature; nurture

Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined and _____ to refer to what results from the social environment.

Culture shock

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life.

technology such as smartphones

Which of the following is an example of material culture?

Freedom and liberty

In the context of the core values identified by sociologist Robin M. Williams Jr. as being important to people in the United States, the core value of __________ includes the right to private ownership of property and the ability to engage in private enterprise.

they help people adapt to abrupt cultural change

Subcultures are important because __________.

it helps people create and transmit culture from one generation to the next by manipulating symbols

Language is considered an important component of culture because __________.

The specific form of most cultural universals is common across all cultural groups.

Which of the following statements about cultural universals is false?

the lack of acceptance of genetically engineered foods by people who believe that such foods may lead to health and environmental problems

Which of the following is an example of cultural lag?

Technology

Sociologists define __________ as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed.

the active self

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following components is illustrated by the statement "I am good at soccer"?

functionalist perspective

Theorists using a __________ emphasize that families are important for society because they are the primary source for the procreation and socialization of children.

Groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

Which of the following assumptions do conflict theorists make when they state that socialization contributes to "false consciousness"?

functionalist perspective

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the __________ on socialization and society.

superego

According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and is later expressed in recognition of the demands of society.

Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others.

Why is socialization such an important process for human beings?

preconventional level

In the context of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during the __________, children view evil behavior as one that is likely to be punished and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

True

Piaget suggested that some children move through the stages of cognitive development more quickly than others.

It only occurs through formal processes such as schooling.

Which of the following statements is true of socialization?

preparatory stage

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ of self-development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

sensorimotor stage

According to Piaget, in the __________, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language.

sensimotor stage

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, children in the __________ understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action because they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

preoperational stage

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the __________.

False

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of human development was a product of the Victorian era and has little or no relevance for understanding human development today.

Racial attitudes must be taught intentionally using direct messages.

Which of these statements about racial socialization is false?

significant others

Children desire the care, affection, and approval of their parents, who help them develop a self-identity through socialization. In this context, parents would most likely fit sociologist George Herbert Mead's definition of __________.

play stage

In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in the __________.

cognitive development

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender

Who among the following is most likely explaining the role of schools in the socialization of children from a conflict perspective?

the organized set of attitudes of others that an individual assumes.

Sociologist George Herbert Mead divided the self into the "I" and the "me." A difference between these two elements of the self is that the "me" is:

the libido

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, there are three different levels of human personality. Which of the following is not one of these levels?

ego

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drives.

the looking-glass self

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

Self

__________ is the term used to refer to the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

symbolic interactionist perspective

According to the __________ on socialization, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social contact with others.

Status symbols

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing an overloaded shopping cart down the street is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.

It is not essential foe individual well-being

Which of the following statements about social structure is false?

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

Which of the following statements about social networks is false

Achieved status

Occupation is an example of a(n)___________.

Occupation

What do most men consider to be their first master status?

Values and beliefs

Which of the following is not generally considered a component of social structure?

Role

A__________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

Status

A _________is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

Values

Social structure consists of all of these, except ________.

Husband

Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

Shared dependence established through division of labor

According to Durkheim, social solidarity is in industrialized societies is sustained by _________.

Role ambiguity

________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.

Social institutions

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies __________.

Macrolevel

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups statuses, roles, and norms

Involves emotion-based interactions

Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

Role conflict

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of ____________.

A sense of community based on similarity

Which of the following characterizes a Gemeinschaft society?

Role

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a _________.

Secondary groups

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________.

The people working together in the same department

Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?

False

A person's occupation is a key defining characteristic in preindustrial societies, whereas his or her kinship ties are most important in industrial societies.

False

Intimate zone is the distance between two persons who know each other with a relative intimacy, such as friends, brother, sisters, or other relatives.

Preserving social order

According to functionalist theorists, which of the following is one of the essential tasks that social institutions perform?

A sociology class

Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?