unit 9 development ap 2025

What are the major issues in developmental psychology?

Nature vs. nurture, continuity and stages, stability and change.

What is pre-natal development impacted by?

Maternal behavior, teratogens, maternal illness, genetic mutations, and environmental factors.

What developmental milestones should a 6-month-old baby typically reach?

Knows familiar faces, responds to sounds, rolls over, sits without support.

What does the visual cliff experiment help to understand?

Depth perception and understanding of potential danger.

What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development?

Sensorimotor stage, from birth to nearly 2 years.

What happens in Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

What is the characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Use of symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

Describe the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget's theory.

Ages 7 to 11 years, characterized by logical thinking about concrete events.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development according to Vygotsky?

The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not independently.

What key aspect does Kohlberg's Preconventional morality focus on?

Self-interest and obeying rules to avoid punishment.

What are the two sexes defined by?

Sex is biological; gender is social and culturally constructed.

What parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian.

How do peers influence child development?

Children tend to adopt behaviors and preferences of their peers, such as dietary choices.

What is a characteristic behavior of secure attachment?

Children explore new environments comfortably while the caregiver watches.

What is the parenting style that is both demanding and supportive called?

Authoritative.

How do children's temperaments affect attachment styles?

A child's temperament influences their response to caregivers, affecting attachment.

Describe the psychosocial stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Teenagers test roles and try to integrate them into a single identity.

What happens during the middle adulthood stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

Individuals focus on contributing to society through work and family.

What is the typical dating behavior in adolescents according to development psychology?

Exploration of personal relationships characterized by intimacy.

What does the aging brain experience in terms of cognitive function?

Processing information slows down, and recalling information becomes more difficult.

What psychological impact can a midlife crisis have?

It may prompt individuals to reassess their lives and feel a sense of crisis due to aging.

Explain the impact of social support on older adults' well-being.

Can lead to reduced loneliness.

What factors can differentiate the grieving process?

Factors such as cultural background, personal experiences, social support, and the nature of the loss can significantly influence how individuals grieve.

What do infants typically do when they hear a familiar voice?

They respond with recognition and may show basic emotions like happiness.

What is a key factor in maintaining cognitive abilities in older adults?

Engagement in meaningful activities and social interactions.

How does Erikson describe the task of young adults?

Struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love.

What is the focus of Kohlberg's Postconventional level of moral thinking?

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.

What developmental stage follows adolescence according to Erikson?

Young adulthood, which involves intimacy vs. isolation.

What phenomenon occurs in middle adulthood that affects cognitive speed?

Decline in processing speed as brain cells begin to atrophy.

What type of attachment develops in children with responsive caregivers?

Secure attachment.

What effect does independent play have on children's development?

Encourages autonomy and confidence in their abilities.

How can cultural influences shape gender roles?

Culture defines the expected behaviors for males and females, which can evolve over time.

What role does affection from caregivers play in attachment?

It fosters security and promotes healthy social development.

What does Piaget's concept of accommodation involve?

Adjusting schemas to fit new experiences.

In what stage do children begin to understand the concept of conservation?

Concrete operational stage.

What is a common sign of insecure attachment in children?

Anxious behavior and reluctance to explore new environments.

What is the significance of the 'reciprocal play' with infants?

It encourages communication and emotional bonding.

What is the expected outcome of Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

Children feel capable and can lead, or they develop a sense of guilt.

At what developmental stage do children learn about object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage.

What is indicated by a child's ability to roll over by 6 months?

Indication of physical developmental milestones.

How do early experiences impact brain development in infants?

Enriched environments contribute to larger brains and more synapses.

What major physical change occurs for women in middle adulthood?

Menopause, marking the cessation of menstruation.

What impact does a child's temperament have on attachment?

It influences how they respond to caregivers and subsequently develop attachment styles.

What should parents focus on to support cognitive development in infants?

Engaging in varied sensory activities and providing timely needs.

What outcomes are associated with successful resolution of the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

Feeling safe and secure in the world.

What is the main challenge faced during late adulthood according to Erikson?

Reflecting on life and achieving a sense of integrity or despair.

What is the focus of children's learning during the preoperational stage?

Symbolic thinking and egocentrism.

What happens to physical abilities in midlife?

They begin to decline gradually.

What do children develop through successful social interactions during early childhood?

A sense of pride in their accomplishments.

How does the brain change in older adults related to cognition?

Processing speed decreases, and memory recall becomes more difficult.

How can parents foster secure attachment in infants?

By being responsive and attentive to their needs.

What does Erikson believe is developed in young adulthood?

Intimacy vs. isolation, focusing on building relationships.

What major milestone is reached by infants at 6 months in the social/emotional area?

Recognition of familiar faces.

What can signify insecure attachment in adults?

Difficulty forming stable relationships.

What cognitive development occurs during adolescent stage?

Abstract reasoning and moral considerations begin to develop.

How does poor social interaction affect children's development?

Can lead to development delays and difficulties in social skills.

What effect does neglect have on child development?

Can result in physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities.

What are some activities to encourage physical development in infants?

Tummy time and rolling activities.

How do children in the Concrete Operational Stage view the world?

They begin thinking logically about concrete events.

What is one behavior characteristic of secure attachment?

Comfort while exploring new spaces.

Describe how parental roles influence a child's development.

Parents shape success and coping strategies through their behaviors.

How can play influence a child's cognitive skills?

Encourages problem-solving and social skills.

What are signs of possible developmental delay by 6 months?

Not rolling over, not laughing, or not responding to sounds.

What can a supportive and nurturing environment help develop in children?

Emotional regulation and social competence.

How is moral development assessed during adolescence?

Through progression in Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.

What are the consequences of unresolved psychosocial conflicts throughout life?

They may influence self-concept and interpersonal relationships.

What can the aging brain lead to in terms of emotional processing?

Increased focus on positive experiences.

What type of play should parents engage in with their infants?

Reciprocal play to enhance communication skills.

What type of parenting engenders self-confidence in children?

Authoritative parenting, fostering supportive and trusting relationships.

What is the effect of extreme parenting styles on child development?

May create either overly dependent or fiercely independent children.

What is an effect of developmental delays on long-term outcomes?

Can impair social skills and adaptive functioning later in life.