unit 9 development ap 2025

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71 Terms

1
What are the major issues in developmental psychology?
Nature vs. nurture, continuity and stages, stability and change.
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2
What is pre-natal development impacted by?
Maternal behavior, teratogens, maternal illness, genetic mutations, and environmental factors.
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3
What developmental milestones should a 6-month-old baby typically reach?
Knows familiar faces, responds to sounds, rolls over, sits without support.
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4
What does the visual cliff experiment help to understand?
Depth perception and understanding of potential danger.
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5
What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
Sensorimotor stage, from birth to nearly 2 years.
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6
What happens in Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
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7
What is the characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Use of symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
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8
Describe the Concrete Operational Stage in Piaget's theory.
Ages 7 to 11 years, characterized by logical thinking about concrete events.
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9
What is the Zone of Proximal Development according to Vygotsky?
The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not independently.
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10
What key aspect does Kohlberg's Preconventional morality focus on?
Self-interest and obeying rules to avoid punishment.
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11
What are the two sexes defined by?
Sex is biological; gender is social and culturally constructed.
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12
What parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?
Authoritarian.
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13
How do peers influence child development?
Children tend to adopt behaviors and preferences of their peers, such as dietary choices.
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14
What is a characteristic behavior of secure attachment?
Children explore new environments comfortably while the caregiver watches.
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15
What is the parenting style that is both demanding and supportive called?
Authoritative.
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16
How do children's temperaments affect attachment styles?
A child's temperament influences their response to caregivers, affecting attachment.
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17
Describe the psychosocial stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion.
Teenagers test roles and try to integrate them into a single identity.
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18
What happens during the middle adulthood stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
Individuals focus on contributing to society through work and family.
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19
What is the typical dating behavior in adolescents according to development psychology?
Exploration of personal relationships characterized by intimacy.
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20
What does the aging brain experience in terms of cognitive function?
Processing information slows down, and recalling information becomes more difficult.
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21
What psychological impact can a midlife crisis have?
It may prompt individuals to reassess their lives and feel a sense of crisis due to aging.
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22
Explain the impact of social support on older adults' well-being.

Can lead to reduced loneliness.

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23
What factors can differentiate the grieving process?

Factors such as cultural background, personal experiences, social support, and the nature of the loss can significantly influence how individuals grieve.

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24
What do infants typically do when they hear a familiar voice?
They respond with recognition and may show basic emotions like happiness.
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25
What is a key factor in maintaining cognitive abilities in older adults?
Engagement in meaningful activities and social interactions.
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26
How does Erikson describe the task of young adults?
Struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love.
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27
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Postconventional level of moral thinking?
Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles.
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28
What developmental stage follows adolescence according to Erikson?
Young adulthood, which involves intimacy vs. isolation.
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29
What phenomenon occurs in middle adulthood that affects cognitive speed?
Decline in processing speed as brain cells begin to atrophy.
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30
What type of attachment develops in children with responsive caregivers?
Secure attachment.
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31
What effect does independent play have on children's development?
Encourages autonomy and confidence in their abilities.
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32
How can cultural influences shape gender roles?
Culture defines the expected behaviors for males and females, which can evolve over time.
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33
What role does affection from caregivers play in attachment?
It fosters security and promotes healthy social development.
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34
What does Piaget's concept of accommodation involve?
Adjusting schemas to fit new experiences.
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35
In what stage do children begin to understand the concept of conservation?
Concrete operational stage.
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36
What is a common sign of insecure attachment in children?
Anxious behavior and reluctance to explore new environments.
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37
What is the significance of the 'reciprocal play' with infants?
It encourages communication and emotional bonding.
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38
What is the expected outcome of Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
Children feel capable and can lead, or they develop a sense of guilt.
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39
At what developmental stage do children learn about object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage.
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40
What is indicated by a child's ability to roll over by 6 months?
Indication of physical developmental milestones.
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41
How do early experiences impact brain development in infants?
Enriched environments contribute to larger brains and more synapses.
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42
What major physical change occurs for women in middle adulthood?
Menopause, marking the cessation of menstruation.
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43
What impact does a child's temperament have on attachment?
It influences how they respond to caregivers and subsequently develop attachment styles.
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44
What should parents focus on to support cognitive development in infants?
Engaging in varied sensory activities and providing timely needs.
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45
What outcomes are associated with successful resolution of the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Feeling safe and secure in the world.
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46
What is the main challenge faced during late adulthood according to Erikson?
Reflecting on life and achieving a sense of integrity or despair.
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47
What is the focus of children's learning during the preoperational stage?
Symbolic thinking and egocentrism.
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48
What happens to physical abilities in midlife?
They begin to decline gradually.
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49
What do children develop through successful social interactions during early childhood?
A sense of pride in their accomplishments.
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50
How does the brain change in older adults related to cognition?
Processing speed decreases, and memory recall becomes more difficult.
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51
How can parents foster secure attachment in infants?
By being responsive and attentive to their needs.
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52
What does Erikson believe is developed in young adulthood?
Intimacy vs. isolation, focusing on building relationships.
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53
What major milestone is reached by infants at 6 months in the social/emotional area?
Recognition of familiar faces.
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54
What can signify insecure attachment in adults?
Difficulty forming stable relationships.
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55
What cognitive development occurs during adolescent stage?
Abstract reasoning and moral considerations begin to develop.
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56
How does poor social interaction affect children's development?
Can lead to development delays and difficulties in social skills.
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57
What effect does neglect have on child development?
Can result in physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities.
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58
What are some activities to encourage physical development in infants?
Tummy time and rolling activities.
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59
How do children in the Concrete Operational Stage view the world?
They begin thinking logically about concrete events.
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60
What is one behavior characteristic of secure attachment?
Comfort while exploring new spaces.
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61
Describe how parental roles influence a child's development.
Parents shape success and coping strategies through their behaviors.
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62
How can play influence a child's cognitive skills?
Encourages problem-solving and social skills.
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63
What are signs of possible developmental delay by 6 months?
Not rolling over, not laughing, or not responding to sounds.
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64
What can a supportive and nurturing environment help develop in children?
Emotional regulation and social competence.
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65
How is moral development assessed during adolescence?
Through progression in Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
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66
What are the consequences of unresolved psychosocial conflicts throughout life?
They may influence self-concept and interpersonal relationships.
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67
What can the aging brain lead to in terms of emotional processing?
Increased focus on positive experiences.
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68
What type of play should parents engage in with their infants?
Reciprocal play to enhance communication skills.
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69
What type of parenting engenders self-confidence in children?
Authoritative parenting, fostering supportive and trusting relationships.
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70
What is the effect of extreme parenting styles on child development?
May create either overly dependent or fiercely independent children.
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71
What is an effect of developmental delays on long-term outcomes?
Can impair social skills and adaptive functioning later in life.
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