micro exam 3-bacterial diseases

endotoxin

a toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die

exotoxin

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

mainly secreted by gram-positive bacteria

folliculitis

invasion through a hair follicle (commonly called pimples)

deeper pus-filled infection

boil (furuncle)

boil is also known as

furuncle

furthers spread of a furuncle can lead to a

carbununcle

what do staph aureus strains prevent

the movement of phagocytic cells to a site of infection

what do staph aureus kill mycrophages with

leukocidin

are staph aureus infections coagulase (+) or coagulase (-)

coagulase (+)

how do the peptidoglycan layers of staph aureus infections resist digestion

peptidoglycan layers resist digestion by lysozyme

can you get a repeated staph aureus infection even if antibodies are present

yes

superantigen

an antigen that activates many different T cells, thereby eliciting a large immune response

true or false-staph aureus infections may act as a superantigan

true

why might hospital personnel spread staph aureus infections

they can be asymptomatic carriers

what percent of adults are nasal carriers for staph infections

50% of adults are nasal carriers

impetigo

pyoderma lesions caused by staphylocci or streptococcus pyogenes and sometimes both as a mixed infection

scaled skin syndrome

staph aureus

what causes scalded skin syndrome

2 different exotoxins called exfoliative toxin A and B

where are the two exotoxins from scalded skin syndrome (staph aureus) produced

one is produced from a plasmid and the other is carried on a chromosome

where is toxin B carried (scalded skin syndrome)

in the ciruculation so all areas of the skin can be damaged by the exfoliatin

cause of impetigo of the newborn (pemphigus neonatorum)

scalded skin syndrome

toxic shock syndrome cause

staph aureus

toxic shock syndrome toxin

TSST-1

TSST-1 is involved in toxic shock syndrome and gets released into the _______

circulation

what toxin is believed to be acting as a superantigen

toxic shock syndrome toxin

true or false-staphylococcus aureus releases exotoxins

true

group A streptococci (GAS)

streptococcus pyogenes

what does streptococcus pyogenes cause

strep throat

complications of streptococcus pyogenes

scarlet fever rash

immune system infections

what is scarlet fever rash caused by

etythrogenic toxin

what are erythrogenic toxins carried on

a prophage

streptococci produce virulence factors such as

hemolysins

streptolysin

M protein

caosule

streptokinase

hyaluronidase

deoxyribonucleases

what skin involved diseases are caused by streptococcus pyogenes

erysipelas

necrotizing fascitis

streptococcal toxic shock syndromen

organism that causes acne

propionibacterium acnes

is propionibacterium acnes aerobic or anerobic

anerobic

what does overgrowth of proponibacterium acnes lead to

skin pores becoming clogged and inflamed which can lead to tissue destruction

as the sebaceous glands secrete more _____ onto the skin, organisms can multiply to a greater degree since they have more _____ for growth

oil

pseudomonas dermatitis cause

pseudomonads

is pseudomonas dermatitis highly resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants

yes

what does pseudomonas dermatitis make

several exotoxins and an endotoxin

pseudomonas dermatitis is a frequent cause of infections in what kind of patients

burn patients

where is pseudomonas dermatitis often found

growing in a biofilm

opthalmia neonatorum

conjunctivitis of the newborn

what is used for treatment of opthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the newborn)

silver nitrate or tetracycline

what two organisms present in the birth canal infect the eys of the baby

neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis

pink eye

bacterial conjunctivitis

what organisms cause pink eye (bacterial conjunctivitis)

staphylococcus

streptococcus

neisseria haemophilus influenza

pseudomonas

what is used to treat pinkeye

a sulfonamide ointment

trachoma

swollen conjunctiva that typically leads to blindness if left untreated

what causes trachoma

certain strains of chlamydia trachomatis

trichiasis

misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjunctiva or cornea

are secondary trachoma infections common

yes

UTI can be can be ascending or descending depending on where...

the infection starts in the urinary system

what organism is responsible for 80% of the UTIs

e coli

what other fecal enteric organisms can cause UTIs

proteus and klebsiella

nosocomial

hospital acquired infection

UTIs are often __________ infections due to procedures such as catheterization

nosocomial

what organism is responsible for bacterial vaginitis

gardnerella vaginalis

if the pH of the vagina increases, a normal flora organism called gardnerella vaginalis interacts with ______________ to cause infection

anerobic bacteria

vaginal epithelial cells covered with garnerella "________ _________" can be seen in a microscope smear and can be used for a diagnosis)

clue cells

clue cells are associated with what condition

bacterial vaginitis

what organism causes the gonorrhea infection

neisseria gonorrhoeae

what virulence factors does neisseria gonorrhoeae have

attachment pili

endotoxin

opa proteins that suppress t cell activation

protease which can cleave the igA antibody

what infection can gonorrhea lead to

pelvic inflammatory disease

what can pelvic inflammatory disease lead to

eye infections

true or false-gonorrhea can survive in pus for hours and on fomites (inanimate objects)

true

organism responsible for syphillis

treponema pallidium

how is syphillis transmitted

sexually and through saliva

can syphillis cross the placenta and infect the fetus, causing neurological damage

yes, it is called congenital syphillis

gumma

a characteristic soft, gummy lesion caused by bacteria that invade organs throughout the body; found in the tertiary stage of syphilis

infected tissue can become "_______ ______" from the circulation due to an _________ _______

infected tissue can become walled off from circulation due to an inflammatory response (gumma)

gumma is associated with what stage of syphillis

tertiary stage of syphillis

what organism causes chlamydia infections

chlamydia trachomatis

what condition does chlamydia cause and what can it lead to

nongonococcol urethritis (NGU) and can lead to PID

what is streptococcal pharyngitis caused by

streptococcus pyogenes

what organism is diphtheria caused by

corynebacterium diptheria

cornyebacterium diptheria makes an _______ which is carries on a ________ which inhibts _______ _________

cornyebacterium diptheria makes an exotoxin which is carried on a prophage which inhibits protein synthesis

what does cornyebacterium diptheria cause to be formed in the airway duirng the infection which can cause suffocation if untreated

causes a pseudomembrane to be formed in the airway during the infection

what is the exotoxin of cornyebacterium able to do to the body

the exotoxin can get into the circulation and damage other organs of the body

true or false-humans are the only host for cornyebacterium diptheria

true

cornyebacterium diptheria toxoid is part of the __________ vaccine

DTP vaccine

what organism causes whooping cough (pertussis)

bordetella pertussis

what does bordetella pertussis make

tracheal cytotoxin, petsussis toxin, and endotoxin

whooping cough stages

1. catarrhal stage (common cold symptoms)

2. paroxysmal (violent coughing with the potential complication of cyanosis from mucus build up)

2. convalescent stage with the chance for secondary infections

true or false-whooping cough infects species besides humans

false, whooping cough only infects humans

does whooping cough have a vaccine-if so, what vaccine?

yes, DTP caccine

what organism causes pneumonia

streptococcus pneumonia (but other organisms can cause it)

what part of the bacteria is a major virulence factor for pneumonia

capsule

is there a vaccine for pneumonia

yes, it is composed of many serotypes for streptococcus pneumonia and it is recommended that children and older adults recieve it

what organism causes mycoplasma pneumonia

mycoplasma pneumoniae

mycoplasma does not contain a _____________

peptidoglycan layer

what is mycoplasma pneumonia often called

primary atypical pneumonia or "walking pneumonia"

what causes legionnaires diseas

legionella pneumophilia

is legionella pneumophilia gram positive or gram-nergative and what shape

gram-negative rod

where does legionella pneumophilis survive

in macrophages

how is legionnaires disease transmitted

an aerosol from things like air conditioners, hospital waterliners, humidifiers, etc

what organism causes tuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis

does tuberculosis grow slow or fast

slow

where does tuberculosis survive

in macrophages and white blood cells

how long can tuberculosis survive in sputum for

months