unit 1 - psych

Biological (psychologist)

Biological (psychologist)

John Harlow

Biological (includes)

-nervous system -glands -hormones -genetic factors

Biological (definition)

-biology influences behavior -look for connections between brain and cognitive processes -connections between genetics and traits

Cognitive (psychologist)

Jean Piaget

Cognitive (includes)

interpretation of mental images, thinking, language

Cognitive (definition)

-thoughts play a role in determining/predicting behavior -how you perceive information, make mental images of the world, solve problems, and dream

Behavioral (psychologist)

-John Watson -Ivan Pavlov -BF Skinner

Behavioral (includes)

environmental influences, learning, observational learning

Behavioral (definition)

-learn through observation- not passively -sociocultural learning theory -rewards/punishment

Evolutionary (psychologist)

Charles Darwin

Evolutionary (includes)

-physical traits -adaptive behavior

Evolutionary (definition)

-survival of the fittest -adaptive behavior: learn to act in a certain way for survival -instinctual behavior: genetically programmed patterns of behavior

Psychodynamic (psychologist)

Sigmund Freud

Psychodynamic (includes)

-unconscious processes -childhood experiences

Psychodynamic (definition)

-our unconscious influences behavior through aggression and sexual urges -memories, dreams, trauma -modern view focused on conscious choices, self-direction

Humanistic (psychologist)

-Harry Harlow -Abraham Maslow

Humanistic (includes)

-self-fulfillment -self-awareness -conscious choices

Humanistic (definition)

-looks at personal experiences and emotions and how they influence thoughts and behavior -you choose who you are and how you act

Psychologist responsible for Structuralism

William Wundt

What is introspection?

looking within oneself

Who is the "Father" and founder of psychology?

William Wundt -First laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

What is Structuralism?

-breaking down of our consciousness (thoughts) into elements -objective sensations: observable, scientific, reality -subjective sensations: thoughts, emotions, mental images

Psychologist responsible for functionalism

William James

Who wrote the first psychology textbook?

William James

What did William James believe?

experience is continuous "stream of consciousness"

What is functionalism?

-how mental (cognitive) processes helps organism adapt -relationship between experience and behavior function of behavior and cognitive processes to apply it to everyday life

Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because...

they're successful

Psychologist responsible for Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud -evaluating and treating pathologies (mental disorders) -focused on sexual and instinctual origins

Most controversial yet famous psychologist

Sigmund Freud

What is psychoanalysis?

unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior

Psychologists responsible for behaviorism

John B Watson (Sherlock) and BF Skinner (skinny legend)

What is the experiment with the white rat and child called and who conducted it?

Little Albert Experiment -unethical -led to a fear of furry white things

John B Watson

Who came up with operant conditioning and what is it?

BF Skinner -Skinner Box -reward and punishment (rat with button)

Psychologists responsible for Gestalt Psychology (pretty sure she said we didn't have to know the names but just in case)

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler

What is behaviorism?

scientific study of observable behavior

What is Gestalt psychology?

-context influences people's interpretations of information -perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts

Ex. chair held you up so next time you see a chair you assume it will hold you up

Researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habits

Naturalistic-observation

As one factor goes up, the other goes down

negative correlation

sample definition

only part of the target population

this study is when the data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age

cross sectional study

what are two widely used methods that psychologists use to gather research?

surveys and experimentation

This field of psychology focuses on individual students problems they have with learning and help them to place them in the best classes for their needs

school psychology

What are cognitive activities?

mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts and memories

Which perspective? environmental influences, learning, observational learning

learning

the type of psychology where they diagnose and treat a patient who is mentally ill and try to help patients to overcome their struggles

clinical psychology

Which perspective? nervous system, glands and hormones, genetic factors

biological

The group that receives the placebo is the

control group

What are two additional steps that need to be taken in order for a theory to be developed?

replicate and test their theories or ask new questions

Sugar pill used in an experiment is a

placebo

two goals for psychologists

to observe/describe behavior and mental processes as well as explain and predict behavior

The only type of research that can show cause and effect

experimental research

Studies traits of an individual, such as optimism, sociability, emotional stability, and aggressiveness

personality psychology

asking a set of questions to a carefully random or representative sample of others

survey research

this field of psychology studies how people grow and develop from birth to death

developmental psychology

an ethical psychologist will

be committed to taking ethical action

specializes in the treatment of psychological problems but can't prescribe medication

psychologist

Which of these is NOT a central ethical principle

justice

A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time

longitudinal

in a ___ study, the researcher knows if a participant is receiving a placebo or not

single-blind study

five steps of scientific method

research question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusions

any action that people can observe or measure

behavior

definition of psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

researches basic psychological processes such as learning, thinking, motivation, and instructional methods for school

educational psychology

Which perspective? ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socioeconomic status

sociocultural

the type of psychologist who would provide therapy to someone dealing with the problems of everyday life like making major life decisions

counseling psychology

as one factor goes up, so does the other

positive correlation

the group that receives the actual drug is the

experimental group

Which perspective? unconscious processes, early childhood experience

psychoanalytic

In a ___ study, the researcher does not know if the participant is receiving a placebo or not

double-blind study

Studying or analyzing one individual in-depth in order to understand a particular concept

case study

participants are observed in a labratory setting

laboratory-observation

target population

the whole group you want to study or describe

What are the 5 principles of APA?

-Beneficence and nonmaleficence -risks and costs -fidelity and responsibility -integrity -justice -respect for people's right and dignity

Code of Ethics

-competence -informed consent -privacy and confidentiality -avoid harm--> give dignity

ethical research controversies

-using animals -sexist -ethnocentric -racist -control behavior

what are ethics?

principle of establishing right and wrong behavior -social context -circumstance -religious or moral views