unit 1 - psych

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76 Terms

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Biological (psychologist)
John Harlow
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Biological (includes)
-nervous system
-glands
-hormones
-genetic factors
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Biological (definition)
-biology influences behavior
-look for connections between brain and cognitive processes
-connections between genetics and traits
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Cognitive (psychologist)
Jean Piaget
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Cognitive (includes)
interpretation of mental images, thinking, language
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Cognitive (definition)
-thoughts play a role in determining/predicting behavior
-how you perceive information, make mental images of the world, solve problems, and dream
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Behavioral (psychologist)
-John Watson
-Ivan Pavlov
-BF Skinner
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Behavioral (includes)
environmental influences, learning, observational learning
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Behavioral (definition)
-learn through observation- not passively
-sociocultural learning theory
-rewards/punishment
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Evolutionary (psychologist)
Charles Darwin
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Evolutionary (includes)
-physical traits
-adaptive behavior
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Evolutionary (definition)
-survival of the fittest
-adaptive behavior: learn to act in a certain way for survival
-instinctual behavior: genetically programmed patterns of behavior
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Psychodynamic (psychologist)
Sigmund Freud
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Psychodynamic (includes)
-unconscious processes
-childhood experiences
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Psychodynamic (definition)
-our unconscious influences behavior through aggression and sexual urges
-memories, dreams, trauma
-modern view focused on conscious choices, self-direction
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Humanistic (psychologist)
-Harry Harlow
-Abraham Maslow
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Humanistic (includes)
-self-fulfillment
-self-awareness
-conscious choices
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Humanistic (definition)
-looks at personal experiences and emotions and how they influence thoughts and behavior
-you choose who you are and how you act
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Psychologist responsible for Structuralism
William Wundt
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What is introspection?
looking within oneself
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Who is the "Father" and founder of psychology?
William Wundt
-First laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
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What is Structuralism?
-breaking down of our consciousness (thoughts) into elements
-objective sensations: observable, scientific, reality
-subjective sensations: thoughts, emotions, mental images
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Psychologist responsible for functionalism
William James
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Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
William James
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What did William James believe?
experience is continuous "stream of consciousness"
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What is functionalism?
-how mental (cognitive) processes helps organism adapt
-relationship between experience and behavior
function of behavior and cognitive processes to apply it to everyday life
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Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because...
they're successful
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Psychologist responsible for Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
-evaluating and treating pathologies (mental disorders)
-focused on sexual and instinctual origins
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Most controversial yet famous psychologist
Sigmund Freud
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What is psychoanalysis?
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior
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Psychologists responsible for behaviorism
John B Watson (Sherlock) and BF Skinner (skinny legend)
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What is the experiment with the white rat and child called and who conducted it?
Little Albert Experiment
-unethical
-led to a fear of furry white things

John B Watson
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Who came up with operant conditioning and what is it?
BF Skinner
-Skinner Box
-reward and punishment (rat with button)
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Psychologists responsible for Gestalt Psychology (pretty sure she said we didn't have to know the names but just in case)
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler
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What is behaviorism?
scientific study of observable behavior
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What is Gestalt psychology?
-context influences people's interpretations of information
-perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts

Ex. chair held you up so next time you see a chair you assume it will hold you up
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Researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habits
Naturalistic-observation
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As one factor goes up, the other goes down
negative correlation
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sample definition
only part of the target population
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this study is when the data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
cross sectional study
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what are two widely used methods that psychologists use to gather research?
surveys and experimentation
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This field of psychology focuses on individual students problems they have with learning and help them to place them in the best classes for their needs
school psychology
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What are cognitive activities?
mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts and memories
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Which perspective? environmental influences, learning, observational learning
learning
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the type of psychology where they diagnose and treat a patient who is mentally ill and try to help patients to overcome their struggles
clinical psychology
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Which perspective? nervous system, glands and hormones, genetic factors
biological
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The group that receives the placebo is the
control group
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What are two additional steps that need to be taken in order for a theory to be developed?
replicate and test their theories or ask new questions
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Sugar pill used in an experiment is a
placebo
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two goals for psychologists
to observe/describe behavior and mental processes as well as explain and predict behavior
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The only type of research that can show cause and effect
experimental research
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Studies traits of an individual, such as optimism, sociability, emotional stability, and aggressiveness
personality psychology
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asking a set of questions to a carefully random or representative sample of others
survey research
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this field of psychology studies how people grow and develop from birth to death
developmental psychology
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an ethical psychologist will
be committed to taking ethical action
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specializes in the treatment of psychological problems but can't prescribe medication
psychologist
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Which of these is NOT a central ethical principle
justice
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A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time
longitudinal
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in a \___ study, the researcher knows if a participant is receiving a placebo or not
single-blind study
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five steps of scientific method
research question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusions
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any action that people can observe or measure
behavior
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definition of psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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researches basic psychological processes such as learning, thinking, motivation, and instructional methods for school
educational psychology
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Which perspective? ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socioeconomic status
sociocultural
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the type of psychologist who would provide therapy to someone dealing with the problems of everyday life like making major life decisions
counseling psychology
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as one factor goes up, so does the other
positive correlation
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the group that receives the actual drug is the
experimental group
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Which perspective? unconscious processes, early childhood experience
psychoanalytic
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In a \___ study, the researcher does not know if the participant is receiving a placebo or not
double-blind study
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Studying or analyzing one individual in-depth in order to understand a particular concept
case study
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participants are observed in a labratory setting
laboratory-observation
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target population
the whole group you want to study or describe
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What are the 5 principles of APA?
-Beneficence and nonmaleficence
-risks and costs
-fidelity and responsibility
-integrity
-justice
-respect for people's right and dignity
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Code of Ethics
-competence
-informed consent
-privacy and confidentiality
-avoid harm--\> give dignity
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ethical research controversies
-using animals
-sexist
-ethnocentric
-racist
-control behavior
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what are ethics?
principle of establishing right and wrong behavior
-social context
-circumstance
-religious or moral views