psych/soc meow 3

notes, questions, concerns.

social capital vs. cultural capital

social:

• “who you know” aka social circles. e.g. wealthy people have access to wealthy people

cultural:

• knowledge that doesn’t have a direct payoff in doing job, but knowledge that helps you in social world (e.g. golf)

the thomas theorem

individual beliefs have real consequences

How would a structural functionalist interpret the efficacy of yoga as part of a smoking cessation therapy?

A. Yoga provides an alternate understanding of healthful practices that enables the individual to better understand his or her personal needs and motives.

B. Yoga provides an inexpensive therapy option for those lacking the financial resources necessary for more expensive medical interventions.

C. The utility of yoga as an effective smoking cessation therapy stems from the transformation of the individual’s self-concept as a nonsmoker.

D. The utility of yoga as an effective smoking cessation therapy is an unintended, though beneficial, outcome of a yoga practice.

D:

• Functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social practices which sustain social stability. The option describes a latent, or unintended, function. Because the expected function of yoga is not specifically smoking cessation, its utility as a cessation therapy is a latent function of the social activity.

• A: This option offers an explanation at an individual level which is not consistent with a functionalist approach.

• B: This option refers to social inequalities. Functionalism does not focus on social inequalities.

• C: This option describes dynamics at an individual level which is not consistent with a functionalist perspective.

cbt therapy addresses:

maladaptive behaviors through behavior therapy to systematically modify a person’s behavior. This is followed by sessions designed to foster cognitive change through self-assessments.

psychodynamic therapy can…

examine personal history

aversion therapy can…

associate negative states w unwanted behaviour

Although the study examines a specific bias in group decision-making, similar biases can influence individual decision-making. Which of the following individual-level effect is most similar to groupthink?

A.Self-serving bias

B.Confirmation bias

C.Hindsight bias

D.Response bias

B:

• Confirmation bias is the tendency to put more weight on information that confirms one’s pre-existing attitudes. As with a group affected by groupthink, an individual’s confirmation bias causes the person to seek, and attend to, only information that confirms their existing point of view and to ignore disconfirming evidence.

alzheimer’s disease is associated with

increased amyloid B and NFT proteins

groupthinkg is the process of….

conformity and failure to critically evaluate alternatives n options

social loafing means that people are more productive….

ALONE than in a group.

• less critical n creative in groups

Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?

A.Stimulants

B.Hallucinogens

C.Alcohol

D.Sedatives

B: hallucinogens

fundamental attribution error

justify someone’s behaviour based on DISPOSITIONAL factors n ignore situational factors when judging others’ behaviour

16

absolute poverty

an economic condition in which individuals cannot meet their basic needs

marginal poverty

stems from unstable employment conditions for an individual in which they cannot achieve minimum standards of living

relative poverty

social disadvantage by income or wealth as compared to the social advantages linked to income or wealth in a society

structural poverty

a lack of economic opportunities for individuals to leave poverty

latent learning takes place

in the absence of reinforcement or punishment

dissociative amnesia

• cannot recall important autobiographical info, usually related to trauma or stressor

retrograde amnesia

• loss of memory of previous info due to injury or neurological disease

schizoprenia

• symptoms like delusions, hallucination, disorganized or diminished speech or behaviour

conversion disorder

• impairments to voluntary motor or sensory function, NOT due to a recognized neuro/medical condition

cbt vs. psychoanalytic therapy vs. humanistic therapy

sensory adaptation occurs in the…

PNS

2 ways of long term potentiation

1. INC. number of receptors at postsynaptic neuron

2. INC. number of NT released by presynaptic neuron

= INC. firing rate

abbalation of hippocampus leads to

ANTEROGRADE amnesia aka inability to form NEW memories

explicit vs. implicit memory

EXPLICIT (declarative) SE

1. semantic: facts, concepts

2. episodic: experiences, events

IMPLICIT PE

1. procedural: skills, tasks

2. emotional/reflexive

self serving vs. actor-observer bias vs. FAE

SELF SERVING: success/failure

• SUCCESS OWN = internal

• FAILURE OWN = external

ACTOR-OBSERVER: attribute behaviour

• OWN = external

• OTHERS = internal

FAE: only OTHERS’ behaviour

• OTHERS = personal > situational

2 types of memory that are STABLE w aging

SP

semantic (facts, concepts) n procedural (skills, tasks)

avoidance vs. escape learning

• AVOIDANCE: want to PREVENT it from happening

• ESCAPE: it’s already happening and you want to TERMINATE this aversive stimuli

BOTH = negative reinforcement aka REMOVE aversive stimuli to INCREASE behaviour

linguistic relativity hypothesis

language —> thoughts/cognition

if no word for green in your language, then you cannot identify green as a distinct colour

cognitive behavioural therapy CBT

systematically change one’s behaviour + foster cognitive changes via self-assessments