Defining Globalization and the Nation-State

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the definitions, perspectives, metaphors, and attributes of globalization, as well as the elements and origins of the nation-state.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, businesses, and governments across the world, involving economic, political, and cultural processes.

Thomas Larsson ($2001$)

A Swedish journalist who defined globalization as the process of world shrinkage, where distances get shorter and things move closer to mutual benefit.

Martin Khor

The former president of Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia who, in the mid-$1990\text{s}$, regarded globalization as a form of colonization.

Economic Perspective of Globalization

A viewpoint focusing on the expansion of international trade, investment, and markets among countries.

Political Perspective of Globalization

A viewpoint focusing on the growing influence of international organizations and cooperation among nations.

Cultural Perspective of Globalization

The sharing and exchange of ideas, beliefs, traditions, and lifestyles among different cultures.

Technological Perspective of Globalization

The rapid spread of information and communication technologies worldwide.

Broad and Inclusive Definitions

Definitions of globalization that cover many aspects, such as the idea of a borderless world, but can be vague.

Narrow and Exclusive Definitions

Definitions focusing on specific processes like international trade, migration, and the global division of labor, making them more precise but limited in scope.

George Ritzer ($2015$)

A sociologist who defined globalization as a transplanetary process involving increasing liquidity and multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information.

Arjun Appadurai

An anthropologist who described globalization as a world of things with different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures.

Solidity

A metaphor for globalization referring to epochs where people, things, and information had limited mobility and social relationships remained where they were created.

Natural Solids

Barriers to movement that occur in nature, such as landforms and bodies of water.

Man-made Solids

Barriers created by humans that restrict movement, such as the Great Wall of China, the Berlin Wall, and the nine-dash line in the South China Sea.

Liquidity

A metaphor for the contemporary world referring to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places, characterized by lack of fixed shape and continuous fluctuation.

Zygmunt Bauman

A thinker whose ideas on liquidity explain that today's global phenomena change quickly in terms of space and time and are difficult to stop once they start.

Flows

The movement of people, things, places, and information facilitated by the growing porosity of global limitations.

Porosity

The characteristic of having small openings that allow something to pass through; used by Les Landler ($2008$) to describe national borders in the global financial system.

Push Factors

Factors that cause people to leave their home country, moving out due to negative conditions.

Pull Factors

Positive factors or attractions that draw people toward a new country.

Migrante International

An organization that supports and protects the rights of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) around the world, illustrating the expansion of social relations beyond national borders.

Occurs Subjectively

An attribute of globalization where individuals become more aware of global issues and feel connected to events like climate change or social justice campaigns such as Black Lives Matter.

Global Citizenship

The sense of being a responsible person who cares about the world beyond their own country and possesses global ethical responsibility.

Nation-State

A political unit consisting of people (citizens), territory (land), and government (administration).

The State

The main political actor in the world, which is independent from outside control and possesses a defined territory, people, government, and constitution.

Constitution

The supreme or fundamental law of the land that limits and organizes government power and provides its framework.

Internal Sovereignty

The supreme power of the state to rule and exercise authority within its own territory.

External Sovereignty

The freedom of a state from foreign control; also referred to as independence.

Divine Right Theory

The theory of the state's origin suggesting that government comes from God and rulers govern through God's authority.

Necessity or Force Theory

The theory that states were formed through force when strong people conquered weaker people.

Social Contract Theory

The theory that people voluntarily agreed to create a government for protection and peace, associated with Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Pactum Unionis

An agreement under Social Contract Theory where people unite to form a society.

Pactum Subjectionis

An agreement under Social Contract Theory where people agree to obey the government in exchange for protection.

Nation

A group of people with a shared identity, culture, and language based on a feeling of belonging; described by Max Weber as a community of sentiment.

Benedict Anderson

A scholar who defined a nation as an imagined community where members feel connected despite never meeting one another.