ALL TOPICS

Tincture

• Non-aqueous liquids

• Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions that are prepared using vegetable materials or chemical substance

Percolation & Maceration

Method of Preparation in Tincture

Extractives

Product prepared by extraction of drug with suitable solvent.

Percolation

Uses percolator

Maceration

Submerging solute in solvent

Digestion

Heating or with the aid of heat

Infusion

blanching; addition of hot water

Decoction

Aid of Boiling Water

Extracts

More 2-6 times more potent than crude drug

Alcoholic/ Hydroalcoholic Solution

• Prepared from vegetable or animal drug or from chemical substance

• 10-20% potency

• Less than 50% alcohol content

Iodine tincture

Simple Solution

Belladonna Tincture

Percolation

Sweet Orange Peel Tincture

Maceration

Fluid Extract

• Alcohol (solvent)

• 100% tincture

• Potent, too bitter tasting

Process A

Extract is ready for assay

Process D

Hot water as menstruum (solvent)

Process E

Longer/ Narrower Percolation

49% diluted alcohol

Iodine Tincture has this much alcohol

Sodium Iodide

Solubilizing Agent of the poorly solubilized iodine crystal

Paper Box

Sodium Iodide is measured by this

Tight Container

It is stored in this to prevent loss of alcohol (volatile)

Aqueous

Solvent is water

Non- aqueous

solvent is other than water (example: tincture; a hydroalcoholic mixture

Spirit

• called Essences

• clear, saturated, alcoholic

60%

Alcoholic Content of Spirit

Volatile oils

Aromatic substances that easily evaporate

Aromatic waters

The solvent is water (aqueous)

Non-aqueous

Spirit

Tight Light Resistant Container

• It contains volatile oils, must have protection against exposure of sunlight.

• Placed in a cool place, preventing evaporation & volatilization of either the alcohol or the active principle.

Simple Solution

• Dissolving volatile oil in required volume of solvent (either alcohol or alcohol + water)

• 65mL volatile oil / 1000mL preparation

Solution with Maceration

• Macerate (soak) leaves in water to extract water soluble component

• Can be macerated with other solvents like alcohol (depending on the procedure)

Chemical Reaction of the

• Example: NaNO3 + Alcohol + H2SO4 →Ethyl nitrite spirit

• Chemical reaction of substances to produce a new product

Distillation

Separation of alcohol from other components

Fermentation

Creation of Alcohol

Brandy

Fermented juice of ripe grapes (35% to 60%. ABV)

Whisky

Fermented mash of wholly germinated malted cereal grain (40% – 68%ABV. )

Compound Orange Spirit

• Flavored Elixr

• An alcoholic solution of this kind permits the uniform introduction of small proportion of oil and preserves orange and lemon oil from rapid oxidation.

Turbid

• Traces of water in the apparatus used may make the solution

• Dissolved oil in water

Ammonium Carbonate

colorless, white crystalline substance or powder with a strong ammonia odor (because of ammonium)

Strong ammonia solution

• Contains not less than 27% and not more than 31% w/w of ammonia. not less than

• Caustic Nature;Irritating Nature

• Damp/Wet Cloth in handling

Essential oils (Lemon oil, Myristica oil, and Lavender oil)

• Mood Enhancers

• Solvent to alcohol

Hydroalcoholic Preparation

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

Compound Orange Spirit & Peppermint Spirit

Alcoholic Preparation

4 Inches

• During inhalation: place a small amount of the spirit between your fingers

• From the nostrils then inhale it

Wafting Method

Inhalation

Mixtures

Aqueous liquid preparations that contain suspended insoluble solid substances intended for internal use.

In pharmacy

A preparation consisting of a liquid holding an insoluble medicinal substance in a suspension by means of acacia, sugar, or some other viscid (sticky/glutinous) material.

Insoluble Substances

• DO NOT make the mixture very VISCOUS

• Particles remain suspended by using a suitable suspending agent or thickening agent.

Very Finely Divided

• Good mixtures should have insoluble solid substances in this It suspend more readily

• Settle out more slowly in large particles, thus, resulting in a uniform dosage.

• This is accomplished by the use of colloid mills, special methods of precipitation, and suspending agents.

Palatability

Must be associated with colloidal agents.

“Shake well” label

Mixtures and other preparations with insoluble particles should have this.

Lotion

Colloidal dispersion (between 1.0 nm - 0.5 μm)

Magmas & Gel

(0.5 μm - 10 μm)

Mixture

( > 0.5 μm)

Molecular dispersion

• <1.0 nm

• Rapid diffusion, invisible in electron microscope (Ordinary loss)

Colloidal dispersion

• 1.0 nm - 0.5 μm

• Diffuse slowly, visible in electron microscope, ultramicroscope (colloidal Ag sol)

• Magma & Gel

Course dispersion

• > 0.5 μm

• Don’t diffuse, visible under microscope (Suspension & emulsion)

• Lotion

More Active

Become more Adsorbent & protectives when in contact with the inflamed areas

Finer State of Subdivision

• Suspended more readily and settle much slowly than large particles

• Enabling the patient to obtain uniform doses of suspended particle

Increase Palatability

Finer State of Subdivision would increase this with the use of colloidal suspending agent

Viscosity Modifier

Glycerin

CaCO3

Chemical Formula of Chalk Mixture

Calcium Carbonate or Precipitated Calcium Carbonate

Chalk Mixture is also called this

Insoluble solid substances

• The preparation should have a shake well label since this

• Dispersed or Suspended in the Mixture

Uniformly Distributed

The shake well label indicated in the label means that

the patient should shake the product first before taking the drug to ensure the suspensoids are this throughout the preparation.

Glycerite

• Solution or mixture of medicinal substances in NOT LESS THAN 50% by weight

• Viscous while some are jelly like

• Used to prepare aqueous and alcoholic dilutions of substances which are readily soluble in water or alcohol.

• Protectant, emollient, pill excipient, substitute for fatty ointment

Hygroscopic

Tightly Closed Container

Glycerol

• Called glycerine or glycerin- simple triol compound

• It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.

Reducing Agent

Glycerin

KMnO4, chromium trioxide or KClO3

• Should NOT be triturated with strong oxidzing agent

• Explosion likely to occur

Contamination of Iron

It produces coloration with phenol, salicylates, tannin

Strong HNO3 / H2SO4

Converts glycerin into an explosive nitroglycerin

Heat

• This ruptures the starch grains

• Permits the water to reach & hydrate the linear

• α and β subunit and branched starch molecules which trap the dispersion medium in the interstices to form a gel.

Sand Bath

Starch Glycerite

Lotion

These are liquid preparations or dispersions for external application to the body, frequently containing suspended particles, emulsified liquid droplets.

Without friction- finely divided insoluble particles

These are applied this approaching colloidal dimension are more soothing to inflamed areas and are more effective in contact with the infected area.

Non-greasy Character & increased spreadability

Lotions are preferred over semi-solid preparation because this over large areas of skin.

Lotio & Lavare

Latin word; “to wash”

Medicated

• Dermarest Eczema Medicated Lotion

• Antifungal

• Antiseptic

• Anti-inflammatory

• Protectant

Non-Medicated

• Cosmetic

• Sunblock

• Example: Jergens Original Beauty Lotion

Trituration

• Done on the ingredient to a smooth paste (levigation)

• Cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase (with the use of high-speed mixers and homogenizers)

Surface Active Agent

ubstances that

Reduce surface tension of liquids which it is dissolved; inc spreading and wetting properties

Chemical Interaction in the Liquid

• White Lotion

• Must be freshly prepared and does not contain suspending agent (must be shaken thoroughly before dispensing)

• ZnSO4 + Sulfurated Potash (K2S3) → ZnS + 2S + K2SO4

• Both reactants are dissolved separately in water and then filtered.

• Filtrates are combined

Calamine lotion

Treat skin conditions, such as itching, infection, allergy, or pain.

Most lotions

Are oil-in-water emulsions

Cetearyl alcohol

To keep emulsion together

Delivery of medications to the skin

Used for this which include antibiotics, antiseptics, antifungal, corticosteroids, anti-acne agents, and soothing, smoothing, moisturizing, or protective agents.

Calamine Lotion & Zinc Oxide

• Skin protectant

• Astringent

• Antiseptic

Glycerin

• Humectant

• Wetting agent

• Levigating agent

Bentonite

Suspending agent

Calcium hydroxide

• Vehicle

• Astringent

Liniment

• Latin; linere

• Solution or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap, or emulsion intended for external application.

Linere

To anoint

Embrocation

• another term for liniment that means “to rub”

• Applied with friction and rubbing (gentle rubbing of bare hands or with the use of a flannel)

Runnier

Than Ointments

Denser

Than Water

Liquid

At Body Temperature

Not applied to the skin that is broken or bruised

Tendency for excessive irritation

Water

This is seldom used as a vehicle in preparation of liniments.

Extemporaneously

Usually prescribed by physicians