intro to exercise science EXAM 1

midsagittal/median plane

plane dividing the body into left and right halves

sagittal plane

the place dividing the body into unequal left and right parts, parallel to the median plane, terms MEDIAL and LATERAL relate to this plane

frontal/coronal plane

divides the body into front and back parts, terms ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR relate to this plane

transverse/horizontal plane

divides the body into upper and lower parts

cranial/superior

a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

caudal/inferior

a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

anterior/ventral

a structure being more in front than another structure in the body

posterior/dorsal

a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

medial

a structure being closer to the median plane than another structure in the body

lateral

a structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body; EX: ears are lateral to cheeks

proximal

employed with reference to the limbs only- a structure being closer to the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb; EX: elbow is proximal to hand

distal

employed with reference to the limbs only- a structure being further away from the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb; EX: foot distal to knee

flexion + extension

reduces/increases angle between joints; ex: bicep curl

abduction + aduction

away/towards midline; ex: jumping jack

pronation + supination

palm faces posterior/anterior; ex: holding a bowl of soup

dorsiflexion + plantarflexion

foot up/foot plants; ex: toe raise

inversion + eversion

sole moves in/out; ex: rolling over ankle

internal + external rotation

flexed forearm moves in/out; ex: opening and closing doors

circumduction

a cone of movement without rotation

divisions of the human skeleton

axial and appendicular

axial skeleton

80 bones; supports, stabilizes, and protects vital organs

appendicular skeleton

approx 206 bones (spongy or compact); responsible for a large portion of movement

cancellous/spongy bone

low mineral density and high collagen, flexible, responsible for shock absorption, ex: vertebrae

compact/cortical bone

high mineral density and low collagen, stiff and stress resistant, responsible for withstanding stress, ex: long bones

vertebral column

made up of 33 vertebrae arranged in a cylindrical column, interspersed with intervertebral discs, protects spinal cord and nerves & is attachment for back muscles

vertebral column makeup

7 cervical/neck vertebrae, 12 thoracic/chest vertebrae, 5 lumbar/lower back vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae in the midline region of the buttocks

coccyx

also known as tail bone, made up of 3 or 4 fused vertebrae

joint

connection between two or more bones, strands of connective tissue ensure stability, classified by the material that joins them

classification of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

fibrous joints

no movement & absorb shock, ex: skull sutures

cartilaginous joints

limited movement & absorb shock, ex: intervertebral discs

synovial joints

allow greatest degree of movement, most common type in the body, ex: hip joint

joint capsule

surrounds the joint and provides support; lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

joint cavity

filled with synovial fluid for lubrication, also cushions

hyaline cartilage

dense white connective tissue that covers and protects the ends of articulating bones, reduces friction

ligaments (extrinsic and intrinsic)

support the joint, connect the articulating bones of the joint

joint movements

uniaxial, biaxial, and multi-axial

types of synovial joints

pivot, gliding, hinge, saddle, condyloid, & ball and socket

pivot joint

one bone rotates around one axis, uniaxial, ex: neck

gliding joint

bone surfaces involved are nearly flat, uniaxial, ex: acromioclavicular

hinge joint

convex and concave articulating surfaces, uniaxial, ex: elbow

saddle joint

bones set together as in sitting on a horse, biaxial, ex: thumb

condyloid joint

ovular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces, biaxial, ex: knuckles

ball and socket joint

a rounded bone filled into a cup like receptacle, multi-axial, ex: hip

types of muscle

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

smooth muscle

blood vessels and organs, slow and uniform contractions, fatigue resistant, involuntary

skeletal muscle

attached to bone, contraction = body movement, voluntary

cardiac muscle

heart contraction, very fatigue resistant, has own intrinsic beat, involuntary

prime mover/agonist

the muscle that produces movement

antagonist

muscle that opposes movement

synergist

supports the prime mover

origin

closer to the body, more stationary parts

insertion

away from the body, more mobile structures

sternocleidomastoid

most important anterior neck and back muscle pair, allows to flex head towards chest and get up from a supine position, origin = sternum + clavicle & insertion = mastoid process

erector spinae

large muscle mass; reaches in segments from sacrum to skull; allows for maintaining erect position, origin = iliac crest, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae & insertion = ribs and cervical transverse processes