World War I: Causes, Battles, and Canadian Contributions
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97 Terms
What event triggered World War I?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Gavrilo Princip.
What was the Black Hand?
A Bosnian-Serbian nationalist group fighting for independence from Austria-Hungary.
What does militarism mean?
The aggressive buildup and glorification of military power.
What was the naval arms race before WWI?
Competition between Great Britain and Germany to build stronger navies.
What was a dreadnought?
The largest and most advanced battleship of its time.
What are alliances?
Mutual defense agreements between nations.
Who were the members of the Triple Entente?
Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Who were the members of the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
What is imperialism?
The practice of building empires through conquest, colonization, and economic domination.
What is nationalism?
Extreme loyalty and pride in one's nation or ethnic identity.
Why did nationalism create tension in Austria-Hungary?
Many ethnic groups wanted independence from imperial rule.
Why did Canada enter WWI automatically?
Canada's foreign policy was controlled by Britain.
What was the majority background of Canadians in 1911?
English-speaking and of British descent.
What were the three main domains of fighting in WWI?
Land, sea, and air.
When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
June 28, 1914.
When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia?
July 28, 1914.
When did Germany declare war on Russia?
August 1, 1914.
When did Germany declare war on France?
August 3, 1914.
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's plan to quickly defeat France before fighting Russia.
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
It failed to quickly defeat France, leading to trench warfare.
What is a trench?
A deep defensive ditch used to protect soldiers.
What is a stalemate?
A situation where neither side can gain an advantage.
What does 'going over the top' mean?
Leaving the trench to attack across open ground.
What is No Man's Land?
The dangerous area between opposing trenches.
What is artillery shelling?
Heavy long-range explosive bombardment.
What is shell shock?
Psychological trauma caused by war experiences.
What is trench foot?
A medical condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold and wet trench conditions.
What is a U-Boat?
A German submarine.
What is a Zeppelin?
A German airship used for reconnaissance and bombing.
What was the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)?
Canada's army during World War I.
When did the CEF arrive in France?
February 1915.
What was the first major battle fought by Canadian soldiers in WWI?
The Second Battle of Ypres.
When was the Second Battle of Ypres fought?
April-May 1915.
Why is the Second Battle of Ypres significant?
It was Canada's first major battle and featured the first large-scale poison gas attack.
How did Canadian soldiers protect themselves from chlorine gas at Ypres?
They used cloths soaked in urine.
Who wrote 'In Flanders Fields'?
John McCrae.
What symbol came from 'In Flanders Fields'?
The poppy.
When was the Battle of the Somme fought?
July-November 1916.
Why is the Battle of the Somme remembered?
It was one of the bloodiest battles in history.
What village did Canadians capture during the Somme?
Courcelette.
How many Canadian casualties occurred at the Somme?
Over 24,000.
When was the Battle of Vimy Ridge fought?
April 1917.
Why is Vimy Ridge important to Canada?
It is considered a defining moment in Canadian national identity.
What military tactic helped Canadians win Vimy Ridge?
The creeping barrage.
How many Canadian casualties occurred at Vimy Ridge?
Over 10,000.
When was the Battle of Passchendaele fought?
July-November 1917.
Why is Passchendaele significant?
It symbolizes the senseless slaughter of WWI.
What conditions made Passchendaele difficult?
Heavy rain, mud, and shell craters.
How many Canadian casualties occurred at Passchendaele?
Approximately 16,000.
What is recruitment?
The process of enlisting volunteers into the military.
What are attestation papers?
Forms completed by volunteers when joining the military.
What type of source are attestation papers?
Primary sources.
Why did Canadians volunteer for WWI?
Patriotism, loyalty, adventure, economic opportunities, and support for Britain.
How many Canadians volunteered in the first three weeks of the war?
Over 45,000.
Why did many people think the war would be short?
They believed it would be over by Christmas 1914.
How many Canadians died in WWI?
Over 66,000.
What is a pacifist?
A person who opposes war and violence.
What is a conscientious objector?
A person who refuses military service due to moral or religious beliefs.
What was the Christmas Truce of 1914?
An unofficial ceasefire where soldiers exchanged gifts, sang, and played soccer.
What does the Christmas Truce reveal about soldiers?
Many did not personally hate their enemies.
What were some reasons people opposed WWI?
Moral, religious, political, and humanitarian concerns.
What is total war?
A war where an entire society contributes to the war effort.
What is the homefront?
The civilian population supporting the war effort.
What is a recession?
A period of economic decline.
What is economic growth?
An increase in the production of goods and services.
What were Victory Bonds?
Government bonds sold to raise money for the war.
What is conscription?
Compulsory military service.
What is an enemy alien?
A person living in a country who has ties to an enemy nation.
What is an internment camp?
A camp used to confine enemy aliens or targeted groups.
What is sourcing?
Evaluating a historical source's reliability, purpose, and perspective.
Why is propaganda considered unreliable?
It aims to influence opinions rather than present objective facts.
How did WWI strengthen Canada?
Industrial growth, women's rights, and increased national identity.
How did WWI weaken Canada?
Social divisions, internment, the Conscription Crisis, and major tragedies.
What was the Conscription Crisis?
A political conflict over mandatory military service in 1917.
How did women contribute on the homefront?
Working in factories, farming, charities, and supporting the war effort.
What was the Halifax Explosion?
A massive 1917 explosion caused by a collision involving a munitions ship.
What was the Spanish Flu?
A deadly pandemic from 1918-1920.
What is a Bolshevik?
A member of the group that led the Russian Revolution.
What is communism?
A system where major resources are publicly owned.
What is a revolution?
The forcible overthrow of a government.
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
A secret German proposal for an alliance with Mexico against the U.S.
What is an armistice?
An agreement to stop fighting.
What are reparations?
Payments made by a defeated country for war damages.
When did Germany surrender in WWI?
November 11, 1918.
When did the Armistice take effect?
11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.
What does BRAT stand for in the Treaty of Versailles?
Blame, Reparations, Army, Territory.
What was the War Guilt Clause?
Germany accepted responsibility for starting WWI.
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?
$33 billion USD.
How was Germany's military restricted after WWI?
Army limited to 100,000 soldiers and no tanks or air force.
What territory was returned to France?
Alsace-Lorraine.
What was the League of Nations?
An international organization created to prevent future wars.
Why did the League of Nations fail?
Lack of key members and no military power to enforce decisions.
Why was Canada joining the League of Nations significant?
It showed Canada's growing independence from Britain.
Who was excluded from the Paris Peace Conference?
Germany and Russia.
Which country wanted to punish Germany the most after WWI?
France.
Who was Canada's Prime Minister during WWI?
Robert Borden.