PyschoBio final exam

emotion, sleep and schizophrenia

hippocampus

found in inner part of temporal lobe

helps with behaviors specific to species, memory and navigation

sensitive to stress

temporal lobe

crucial role in processing sensory input, memory, language, and emotions

parahippocampal cortex

essential to memory formation and visual processing

amygdala

handles emotions and behavior like fear

gets signals from all senses and sends them to hypothalamus and brainstem

works closely with frontal lobes to process emotions

hypothalamus

manages your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep

frontal lobes

crucial for executive functions like planning, reasoning, and judgment, as well as emotional control and personality

prefrontal cortex

helps set goals and choose right action depending on situation

uses memory, emotion and environmental cues to guide behavior

3 parts of emotion

autonomic response, subjective feelings and cognition

james lange theory 1884

emotions happen bc of body changes

ex. trembling makes you feel scared

cannons critique of james lange theory 1920s

emotions can still happen if body organs are seperated from brain

body responses are too similar across emotions

body rxns are slow and not always accurate for emotion

somatic marker hypothesis Damasio 1999

emotions help with decision making

emotions come from internal and external cues

ex. people with frontal lobe damage often make bad decisions bc emotions no longer drive thinking

kluver bucy syndrome

no fear or sense of danger

eat everything even non foods

sexual with wrong objects

put everything in mouth

cant recognize objects visually

has similar symptoms to alzheimers, epilepsy and amygdala damage like rage, instability and inability to recognize fear in others

prefrontal cortex damage

cant feel or understand emotions

affects motivation and decision making

can cause big personality changes

reward and motivation

evolved to help survival

learning, motivation and pleasure

brain stimulation Olds and Milner 1954

rats pressed lever to stimulate pleasure centers in brain

stimulare medial forebrain bundle triggers dopamine release for reward system

Hans Selyes stress stages

1. alarm- initial rxn

2. adaptation- adjusts and stabilizes

3. exhaustion- long term stress can make you sick

uncertainty can make stress worse

early life stress can build resilience later

small daily things can raise stress levels

natural killer cells (NK)

kills cells without identifying marker

phagocytes

eat and destroy germs

B cells

make antibodies and help phagocytes

T cells

attack invaders

helper T cells

direct other immune cells

Major depression

feelings of guilt, worthlessness, sleep and appetite changes

slower behavior, suicidal thoughts

genetic link and can come from early life stress

generalized anxiety disorder

always anxious and cannot control

phobia

intense and irrational fear of something specific

panic disorder

sudden attacks of fear with no warning

commonly treated with benzos to boost calming GABA effects

GABA

calming chemical messenger that plays crucial role in regulating brain activity, promoting relaxation, and influencing sleep

wanting

driven by dopamine

craving

liking

driven by opioids and GABA

pleasure

stress immunization

exposure to small levels of stress early in life may make one less reactive to stress later in life