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acting & appropriateness
convincing embodiment of a character,
Naturalism and Transparency: looking the part/distinctiveness
Non-Naturalism and Opacity: off-casting, stereotypes, typage
acting & expressive cohesion
Naturalism: behavior seems intrinsic to the character(representational), fit between manner, setting, and behavior(verisimilitude)
Non-Naturalism: behavior seems to be extrinsic to the character(presentational), displays on actors craft/skills, or declaims an attitude toward the character
Kinesics: semiotic analysis of body language indexes of character
acting & inherent thoughtfulness
expression of a characters inner life
Naturalism & Comprehending interiority
Non-naturalist style and alienation effects: actors convey the ideological implications of their characters actions-directly address audience
Expression
acting & wholeness/unity
illusion of consistent and seamless character
Naturalism and playing in character
non-naturalist style to incoherence or fragmentation
Voice: particularities of voice as indexes of character in naturalist styles, contrapuntal separation between actors voice and image in non-naturalist styles
acting: fragmentation & collaboration
fragmentation: movies are filmed out of order, no character continuity for actor, scene partner is not always there, choices made based on frame
performances are a collaborative creation
acting: naturalistic vs. non-naturalistic
an actor recreates recognizable or plausible human behavior, method acting vs. performance marked by excessive exaggeration, aims to alienate viewers in the intersects of critical awareness
Brecht: epic theatre & alienation effects
wanted every aspect of a theatrical production to limit the audience’s identification with characters and events, thereby creating a psychological distance between them and the stage. The intent of this approach is to remind the audience of the artificiality of the theatrical performance.
close-ups & performance
close-ups allow the audience to see the actors face clearly and tells us their emotions based on the performance the actor gives
continuity editing: basic functions
maintains clear, continuous, & unassertive spatial & temporal relations between shots
smoothly matches screen direction, figure position & temporal relations between shots
invisible editing: matches can’t be disruptive 180° system
continuity editing techniques
establishing shot, shot/reverse shot, match-on-action cut, eye-line match
diegetic vs. non-diegetic sound
sound that is apart of the diegetic world vs. sound that is not apart of the diegetic world
direct vs. post-synchronized sound
sound recorded at the time of filming vs. sound added in post-production
discontinuity techniques
non-diegetic inserts, jump cuts, overlapping editing, elliptical editing, intercutting
editing & graphic relations
editing used to create interactions between pictorial qualities of shots, graphic matches, similarity of compositional elements or jarring contrasts
editing & rhythmic relations
editing used to adjust duration of shots in order to direct emotional response, timing of the film, variations in accents-beats-tempo, accelerating montage
editing & spatial relations
editing used to construct space, establishing shot, infer spatial whole on basis of seeing parts of the space
editing & temporal relations
editing used to control time of represented action, chronological or alinear, can alter natural duration of story events
editor’s responsibilities
Selects, arranges & assembles individual shots into completed whole
Eliminates unwanted takes & joins together desired shots
Constructs meaningful relationships between images → guides viewer’s consciousness
expressive sound & interiority
Expressive sound evokes interiority or ideas
point‐of‐audition aligns us with character’s subjectivity contrapuntal sound directs us to make interpretations
external vs. internal sound
sound from the real/outside world vs. sound that is imagined(voice-over)
functions of film sound
directs our attention, clarifies visual information, complicates or contradicts image
influence of sound on acting
Different sounds one hears on stage are commonly associated with different moods and emotions. The right combination of sounds can create for suspense and fear, while others can influence an audience to feel excited and celebratory.
invisible editing
matches cannot be disruptive, seamless cuts to go unnoticed by the viewers
Kuleshov: juxtaposition & meaning
by showing an emotionless face followed by an image of food, accident, etc. the viewers will attribute meaning to the emotionless face
master shot technique
introduces the setting, by showing the outside and then cutting to the inside and then the plot can ensue
material dimensions of acting
appearance, expression, posture, movement, voice
modernist aesthetics
developed through a series of arguments and practices that rejected both Romantic and realist notions of aesthetics, claiming instead the autonomy of the art object – whether a literary text, a piece of visual art, or a musical composition – with respect to social, political, and historical forces.
music: classical vs. non-classical
music and image anchor each other: leitmotifs, mickey mousing vs. tension between the music and the image
naturalistic sound & classical style
sound that adheres to classical movements of selectivity, hierarchical, invisible, seamless, motivated
naturalistic sound & diegetic space/time
shows the audience the exact image of what they are hearing, helps orient viewer in time/space and provides forward momentum
nuance & performance
having or characterized by subtle and often appealingly complex qualities, aspects, or distinctions (as in character or tone)
onscreen vs. off screen sound
the source of the sound is seen on screen vs. the source of the sound is offscreen
radical cinema
narrative is polemical: either solicits debate or has singular political meaning, estranges audience and relies on typage, foregrounds style to force audience out of passivity
shot vs. take
uninterrupted image with single framing vs. each filmed version of a particular shot
simultaneous vs. non-simultaneous sound
sound that is happening at the same time as its image vs. sound that happened before or after the image on screen
sound and image: co-expressiveness
sound is just as expressive as the image, they work together to express the meaning
sound: temporal dimesnions
synchronous vs. asynchronous, simultaneous vs. non-simultaneous
story time vs. plot time & editing
consist of order, duration and frequency of all the events pertinent to the narrative whatever they are shown to us or not. vs. consists of temporal qualities (order, duration, and frequency) of the events actually present in the film.
star acting & star contracts
types of actors
actors who take their persona from role to role (personality actors)
actors who deliberately play against our expectations of their personae
actors who seem to be different in every role (chameleon actors)
actors who are often nonprofessionals or people who are cast to bring verisimilitude to a part
types of sound
speech, dialogue, voice over narration
ambient sound and effects
silence